Exam 3: Protista, Plantae, and Fungi

The organism recorded in this 2.1-billion-year-old fossil is almost certainly a eukaryote; no prokaryote has been observed to be multicellular with such relatively large cells.

In comparison to other plant groups, the bryophytes are usually characterized by the features they lack; for example, bryophytes do not possess

A waxy covering known as the ____________________ was an important adaptation for terrestrial life; it helps keep land plants from drying out when exposed to sun and wind.

Resolving the relationship between the various kingdoms has been challenging because species often resemble one another; for example, the kingdom _____ contain some organisms that are animal-like and others that are plantlike.

Despite their classification as protists the evolutionary tree suggests that choanoflagellates and the algae are more closely related to animals and plants, respectively, than one another.

Stomata normally open and close throughout the day; however, if unable to close, plant tissues could be damaged as

During a red tide

Lignin first appeared in the ferns and their relatives; its evolution allowed these plants to

The hyphal mass, or body, of a fungus is constructed from interwoven filaments called mycelia.

Some protists will reproduce ____________________ depending upon locating favorable living conditions by fragmentation, budding, fission, or ____________________.

The dependence on sexual reproduction in the more complex eukaryotes suggests a greater number of benefits than asexual reproduction; one example is the

The kingdom Protista is quite diverse and the relationship among its various members is unclear. The best method of clarifying those relationships will require that biologists

What criteria best characterize membership in the kingdom Protista?

Seeds contain the embryos of plants and nutrients to assist with germination and initial growth.

In nature, fungi function primarily as ____________________, getting their nutrition from dead and dying organisms.

The most fundamental difference between phytoplankton and zooplankton is that zooplankton is ____________________.

Mixotrophs show some unusual nutritional strategies; for example, when resources like nitrogen become limited they often switch from

No single characteristic is sufficient to describe a kingdom; for example, plants and some bacteria share in common

The most ancient eukaryotic fossils are similar to red algae, a type of _____abundant today.

Although exceptions exist, reproduction in most eukaryotes involves