Exam 8: Plato Apology

In the reading, we find this passage: "Yes, Socrates, but cannot you hold your tongue, and then you may go into a foreign city, and no one will interfere with you? Now I have great difficulty in making you understand my answer to this. For if I tell you that this would be a disobedience to a divine command, and therefore that I cannot hold my tongue, you will not believe that I am serious; and if I say again that the greatest good of man is daily to converse about virtue, and all that concerning which you hear me examining myself and others, and that the pious will inherit the Earth."

In the reading, Socrates says that if he stays and accepts his punishment, then he dies "in innocence, a sufferer and not a doer of evil; a victim, not of the laws, but of ..."

According to Hobbes, "it is manifest that during the time men live without a common power to keep them all in awe, they are in that condition which is called war; and such a war is of ..."

Explain what Marx and Engels mean when they say, "The bourgeoisie has stripped of its halo every occupation hitherto honored and looked up to with reverent awe. It has converted the physician, the lawyer, the priest, the poet, the man of science, into its paid wage laborers. The bourgeoisie has torn away from the family its sentimental veil, and has reduced the family relation to a mere money relation."

According to Marx and Engels, "The proletarians cannot become masters of the productive forces of society, except by abolishing their own previous mode of appropriation, and thereby also every other previous mode of appropriation. They have nothing of their own to secure and to fortify; their mission is to destroy all previous securities for, and insurances of, ..."

According to Marx and Engels, "The bourgeoisie has stripped of its halo every occupation hitherto honored and looked up to with reverent awe. It has converted the physician, the lawyer, the priest, the poet, the man of science, into its paid wage laborers. The bourgeoisie has torn away from the family its sentimental veil, and has reduced the family relation to a mere ..."

Mill explores the "the nature and limits of the power which can be legitimately exercised by society over the individual," which he calls ...

In the reading, Socrates says, "But I shall be asked, Why do people delight in continually conversing with you? I have told you already, Athenians, the whole truth about this: they like to hear the cross-examination of the pretenders to wisdom; there is amusement in this."

According to Aristotle, "A _______________ is implanted in all men by nature, and yet he who first founded the state was the greatest of benefactors. For man, when perfected, is the best of animals, but, when separated from law and justice, he is the worst of all."

According to Marx and Engels, "When, in the course of development, class distinctions have disappeared, and all production has been concentrated in the hands of a vast association of the whole nation, the public power will lose its political character. Transcendence, properly so called, is merely the organized power of one class for oppressing another."

According to Locke, "it is evident, that absolute monarchy, which by some men is counted the only government in the world, is indeed inconsistent with the will of God."

In the reading, Crito worries that many people "will believe that I might have saved you if I had been willing to give money, but that I did not care. Now, can there be a worse disgrace than this-that I should be thought to value money more than the life of a friend?" To which Socrates responds, "But why, my dear Crito, should we care about the opinion of the many?" Do you agree with Crito or with Socrates? Explain your answer.

Locke says, "The first power, namely, of doing whatsoever he thought fit for the preservation of himself and the rest of mankind, he gives up to be regulated by laws made by the society, so far forth as the preservation of himself and the rest of that society shall require; which laws of the society in many things confine the rationality he had by the law of Nature."

According to Green, "Perhaps the most practical and least radical reform would be simply to mandate that parties endorse the candidates that have raised the most campaign money."

Explain what Rorty means when he says, "There are relatively plausible scenarios for the working out of top-down initiatives, scenarios which end with the life chances of the Northerners roughly levelled out."

According to Hobbes, "A law of nature is a precept or general rule found out by reason, by which a man is forbidden to do that which is destructive of his life, or takes away the means of preserving the same; and to omit that by which he thinks it may be best preserved."

According to Wollstonecraft, "Yet, true voluptuousness must proceed from the mind-for what can equal the sensations produced by mutual affection, supported by ______________? What are the cold or feverish caresses of appetite, but sin embracing death, compared with the modest overflowings of a pure heart and exalted imagination?"

Rorty tells us that, "This question looks manageable as long as we confine our attention to the northern hemisphere. If that part of the planet (suitably gerrymandered so as, for example, to include Australia and exclude China) were all we had to worry about, it would be plausible to suggest that there is, or soon will be, enough money to go around-that our problems are simply those of accumulation."

Explain what Rorty means when he says, "Forster's hope that eventually there will be enough money to go around, enough so that its redistribution will make connection and tenderness ubiquitous, runs through liberal thought from the French Revolution to our own time."

Explain what Marx and Engels mean when they say, "The Communists disdain to conceal their views and aims. They openly declare that their ends can be attained only by the forcible overthrow of all existing social conditions. Let the ruling classes tremble at a Communistic revolution. The proletarians have nothing to lose but their chains. They have a world to win."