Exam 8: Plato Apology

Discuss some of Crito's arguments why Socrates should escape prison. How does Socrates respond to Crito's arguments?

According to Hobbes, "Whoever transfers any right transfers the means of enjoying it as far as it lies in his power. As he that sells land is understood to transfer whatever grow upon it. Nor can he that sells a mill turn away the stream that drives it. And they that give to a man the right of government in _____________ are understood to give him the right of levying money to maintain soldiers, and of appointing magistrates for the administration of justice."

Macaulay says, "for the rich, when possessed of the whole authority of the state, would be sure to take the first care of themselves, if they should not be tempted to secure an exoneration of all burthens, by dividing the spoils of the public; and that the abuse of such high trusts must necessarily arise, because to act by selfish considerations, is in the ..."

In the reading, Socrates says, "What can he mean when he says that I am the wisest of men? And yet he is a god and cannot lie; that would be against his nature. After a long consideration, I at last thought of a method of trying the question. I reflected that if I could only find a man wiser than myself, then I might go to the god with a ___________ in my hand."

Explain what Green means when she says, "if the procedure which determines the laws which govern women is one from which women are excluded, or in which they are only marginally represented, those laws cannot be judged, by any reliable criterion, to be in women's interests."

Explain what Rorty means when he says, "If there is a happy solution to the dilemma created by the need of very poor Brazilians to find work and the need of the rest of us for the oxygen produced by the Amazonian rain forest, it is going to result of some as yet unimagined bureaucratic-technological initiative, not of a revolution in values. The slow crabwise movement is not going to speed up thanks to a change in philosophical outlook."

Explain what Green means when she says, "Perhaps the most practical and least radical reform would be simply to mandate that parties endorse as many female as male candidates."

Explain what Dewey means when he says, "The development of political democracy came about through substitution of the method of mutual consultation and voluntary agreement for the method of subordination of the many to the few enforced from above. Social arrangements which involve fixed subordination are maintained by coercion."

Explain what Green means when she says, "Suppose that, despite the considerable socio-biological evidence to the contrary, there are no natural or basic differences of interest between the sexes, but that the differences that appear are only the result of an unjustly imposed gender system."

Macaulay tells us that "when the old vessel of a commonwealth is torn to pieces by the shocks it has sustained from contending parties; when the people, disdaining and rejecting all those fond opinions by which they have been enslaved to misery," then they can "go to war with those in power; a war of all against all."

Aristotle says, "it is evident that the state is a creation of nature, and that man is by nature a political animal." First, do you agree with Aristotle that the state is a "creation of nature"? Second, are there people who are not "political animals"? Explain your answer.

Explain what Marx and Engels mean when they say, "The development of Modern Industry, therefore, cuts from under its feet the very foundation on which the bourgeoisie produces and appropriates products. What the bourgeoisie therefore produces, above all, are its own grave-diggers. Its fall and the victory of the proletariat are equally inevitable." Do you agree with their assessment?

According to Green, "the way to guarantee that the laws actually passed will take into account the differences in interest between the sexes is not to mandate equality in all things (androgyny) but rather to mandate equal ______________ in parliament and other elected legislative bodies (parity)."

According to Green, "if the procedure which determines the laws which govern women is one from which women are excluded, or in which they are only marginally represented, those laws cannot be judged, by any reliable criterion, to be ..."

According to Hobbes, "Justice and injustice are none of the faculties either of the body, nor mind. If they were, they might be in a man that were alone in the world, as well as his senses and passions. They are qualities that relate to men in relation to their religious beliefs."

In the reading, Socrates and Crito discuss whether doing evil in return for evil is ever justified. Socrates's position is that it is never justified.

According to Hobbes, "That a man is willing, when others are so too, for peace and defense of himself he shall think it necessary, to lay down this right to all things, and be content with so much liberty against other men as he would allow other men against himself."

According to Aristotle, "Every state is a community of some kind, and every community is established with a view to some ..."

Explain what Hobbes means when he says, "That a man is willing, when others are so too, for peace and defense of himself he shall think it necessary, to lay down this right to all things, and be content with so much liberty against other men as he would allow other men against himself." Do you agree with Hobbes? Explain your answer.

According to Marx and Engels, "The bourgeoisie has stripped of its halo every occupation hitherto honored and looked up to with reverent awe. It has converted the physician, the lawyer, the priest, the poet, the man of science, into its paid wage laborers. The bourgeoisie has torn away from the family its sentimental veil, and has reduced the family relation to a mere money relation."