Question 1

According to Rothbart, individuals differ not just in their reactivity on each dimension but also in

Accepted Answer

A)  effortful control. 
B)  self-concept. 
C)  goodness of fit. 
D)  interactional synchrony. 
A)  effortful control. 
B)  self-concept. 
C)  goodness of fit. 
D)  interactional synchrony.

Question 2

Describe Erik Erikson's psychosocial theory as it applies to the development of infant and toddler personality.

Accepted Answer

Erikson accepted Freud's emphasis on the

Question 3

Job loss, a failing marriage, financial difficulties, or parental psychological problems

Accepted Answer

A)  show little correlation with attachment security. 
B)  are the primary causes of disoriented/disorganized attachment in infancy. 
C)  can undermine attachment indirectly by interfering with parental sensitivity. 
D)  are unlikely to have a direct effect on babies' sense of security. 
A)  show little correlation with attachment security. 
B)  are the primary causes of disoriented/disorganized attachment in infancy. 
C)  can undermine attachment indirectly by interfering with parental sensitivity. 
D)  are unlikely to have a direct effect on babies' sense of security.

Question 4

Emotional self-regulation requires

Accepted Answer

A)  emotional contagion. 
B)  goodness of fit. 
C)  automatic processing of information. 
D)  voluntary, effortful management of emotions. 
A)  emotional contagion. 
B)  goodness of fit. 
C)  automatic processing of information. 
D)  voluntary, effortful management of emotions.

Question 5

Which of the following statements about attachment and later development is true?

Accepted Answer

A)  A child whose parental caregiving improves can bounce back from adversity. 
B)  A child who experiences a secure attachment in infancy maintains that style, regardless of caregiving. 
C)  By the end of early childhood, nearly 90 percent of U.S. children are securely attached to a caregiver. 
D)  An insecure attachment in infancy almost always leads to severe behavior problems in childhood. 
A)  A child whose parental caregiving improves can bounce back from adversity. 
B)  A child who experiences a secure attachment in infancy maintains that style, regardless of caregiving. 
C)  By the end of early childhood, nearly 90 percent of U.S. children are securely attached to a caregiver. 
D)  An insecure attachment in infancy almost always leads to severe behavior problems in childhood.

Question 6

Three-year-old Cara knows that her mother will pick her up from preschool every day after snacktime. Cara seeks comfort from her mother whenever she is in an unfamiliar or stressful situation. These examples show that Cara has developed

Accepted Answer

A)  an internal working model. 
B)  effortful control. 
C)  interactional synchrony. 
D)  a categorical self. 
A)  an internal working model. 
B)  effortful control. 
C)  interactional synchrony. 
D)  a categorical self.

Question 7

Research on infant attachment of the Dogon people of Mali, Africa, revealed no one showed __________ attachment to their mothers.

Accepted Answer

A)  resistant 
B)  avoidant 
C)  secure 
D)  disorganized/disoriented 
A)  resistant 
B)  avoidant 
C)  secure 
D)  disorganized/disoriented

Question 8

Research on sex differences in temperament shows that

Accepted Answer

A)  girls are more daring than boys, and they have a large advantage in effortful control. 
B)  boys are more anxious and timid than girls, and they are slightly more impulsive. 
C)  girls' advantage in effortful control contributes to better school performance. 
D)  boys are more active than girls, but they also tend to be more anxious and timid. 
A)  girls are more daring than boys, and they have a large advantage in effortful control. 
B)  boys are more anxious and timid than girls, and they are slightly more impulsive. 
C)  girls' advantage in effortful control contributes to better school performance. 
D)  boys are more active than girls, but they also tend to be more anxious and timid.

Question 9

According to Thomas and Chess, the difficult child

Accepted Answer

A)  shows mild, low-key reactions to environmental stimuli. 
B)  is irregular in daily routines. 
C)  shows unique blends of temperamental characteristics. 
D)  displays no identifiable temperamental traits. 
A)  shows mild, low-key reactions to environmental stimuli. 
B)  is irregular in daily routines. 
C)  shows unique blends of temperamental characteristics. 
D)  displays no identifiable temperamental traits.

Question 10

Which of the following statements is supported by research on emotional development?

Accepted Answer

A)  Infants, children, and adults use diverse responses to express a particular emotion. 
B)  The emotional expressions of blind infants are exaggerated compared to infants with normal vision. 
C)  Babies on the visual cliff generally display a fearful facial expression but do not show other signs of fear. 
D)  Wide cultural differences exist in the facial expressions that people associate with different emotions. 
A)  Infants, children, and adults use diverse responses to express a particular emotion. 
B)  The emotional expressions of blind infants are exaggerated compared to infants with normal vision. 
C)  Babies on the visual cliff generally display a fearful facial expression but do not show other signs of fear. 
D)  Wide cultural differences exist in the facial expressions that people associate with different emotions.

Question 11

After being gently scolded for taking a toy away from his cousin, 20-month-old Rainer lowers his eyes, hangs his head, and hides his face with his hands. Rainer is expressing

Accepted Answer

A)  envy. 
B)  shame. 
C)  pride. 
D)  empathy. 
A)  envy. 
B)  shame. 
C)  pride. 
D)  empathy.

Question 12

Bindi quickly establishes regular routines, is generally cheerful, and adapts easily to new experiences. In Thomas and Chess's model of temperament, Bindi would be classified as a(n) __________ child.

Accepted Answer

A)  easy 
B)  slow-to-warm-up 
C)  difficult 
D)  uninhibited 
A)  easy 
B)  slow-to-warm-up 
C)  difficult 
D)  uninhibited

Question 13

Which of the following children is most likely to be receiving abusive or neglectful care?

Accepted Answer

A)  Dante, whose attachment is disorganized/disoriented 
B)  Sonya, whose attachment is secure 
C)  Anthony, whose attachment is avoidant 
D)  Riley, whose attachment is resistant 
A)  Dante, whose attachment is disorganized/disoriented 
B)  Sonya, whose attachment is secure 
C)  Anthony, whose attachment is avoidant 
D)  Riley, whose attachment is resistant

Question 14

Many grandparent caregivers report feeling

Accepted Answer

A)  overjoyed to receive a second chance to raise children. 
B)  unworried about what will happen to the child. 
C)  emotionally drained and depressed. 
D)  animosity toward their adult child for "shirking responsibility." 
A)  overjoyed to receive a second chance to raise children. 
B)  unworried about what will happen to the child. 
C)  emotionally drained and depressed. 
D)  animosity toward their adult child for "shirking responsibility."

Question 15

Which of the following statements is supported by research on emotional self-regulation?

Accepted Answer

A)  Compared with North Americans, Japanese and Chinese adults discourage the expression of strong emotion in babies. 
B)  Beginning in infancy, girls have a harder time regulating negative emotion than boys. 
C)  By the second year, toddlers are quite skilled at using language to comfort themselves. 
D)  Parents imitate their babies' displays of negative emotion more often than displays of positive emotion. 
A)  Compared with North Americans, Japanese and Chinese adults discourage the expression of strong emotion in babies. 
B)  Beginning in infancy, girls have a harder time regulating negative emotion than boys. 
C)  By the second year, toddlers are quite skilled at using language to comfort themselves. 
D)  Parents imitate their babies' displays of negative emotion more often than displays of positive emotion.

Question 16

According to Erikson, the psychological conflict of the first year is

Accepted Answer

A)  autonomy versus shame and doubt. 
B)  basic trust versus mistrust. 
C)  initiative versus guilt. 
D)  industry versus inferiority. 
A)  autonomy versus shame and doubt. 
B)  basic trust versus mistrust. 
C)  initiative versus guilt. 
D)  industry versus inferiority.

Question 17

In the early months, infants

Accepted Answer

A)  have only a limited capacity to regulate their emotional stress. 
B)  are unable to regulate any form of emotional stress. 
C)  are not very easily overwhelmed. 
D)  rely primarily on self-soothing for distraction and reorientation of attention. 
A)  have only a limited capacity to regulate their emotional stress. 
B)  are unable to regulate any form of emotional stress. 
C)  are not very easily overwhelmed. 
D)  rely primarily on self-soothing for distraction and reorientation of attention.

Question 18

Using Thomas and Chess's model of temperament, identify and describe the three categories of children. Do all children fit into one of these categories? Explain.

Accepted Answer

In 1956, Alexander Thomas and Stella Che

Question 19

Infants' emotional expressions are

Accepted Answer

A)  consistent across cultures and emerge in stagelike sequences. 
B)  easy for researchers to categorize because they are clearly recognizable. 
C)  hardwired at birth, and their responses to emotional cues are automatic. 
D)  closely tied to their ability to interpret the emotional cues of others. 
A)  consistent across cultures and emerge in stagelike sequences. 
B)  easy for researchers to categorize because they are clearly recognizable. 
C)  hardwired at birth, and their responses to emotional cues are automatic. 
D)  closely tied to their ability to interpret the emotional cues of others.

Question 20

__________ is related to positive sibling interaction.

Accepted Answer

A)  High emotional intensity in one sibling 
B)  Maternal warmth toward both children 
C)  High physical activity in one sibling 
D)  Lack of maternal involvement 
A)  High emotional intensity in one sibling 
B)  Maternal warmth toward both children 
C)  High physical activity in one sibling 
D)  Lack of maternal involvement

According to Rothbart, individuals differ not just in their reactivity on each dimension but also in

Describe Erik Erikson's psychosocial theory as it applies to the development of infant and toddler personality.

Job loss, a failing marriage, financial difficulties, or parental psychological problems

Emotional self-regulation requires

Which of the following statements about attachment and later development is true?

Three-year-old Cara knows that her mother will pick her up from preschool every day after snacktime. Cara seeks comfort from her mother whenever she is in an unfamiliar or stressful situation. These examples show that Cara has developed

Research on infant attachment of the Dogon people of Mali, Africa, revealed no one showed __________ attachment to their mothers.

Research on sex differences in temperament shows that

According to Thomas and Chess, the difficult child

Which of the following statements is supported by research on emotional development?

After being gently scolded for taking a toy away from his cousin, 20-month-old Rainer lowers his eyes, hangs his head, and hides his face with his hands. Rainer is expressing

Bindi quickly establishes regular routines, is generally cheerful, and adapts easily to new experiences. In Thomas and Chess's model of temperament, Bindi would be classified as a(n) __________ child.

Which of the following children is most likely to be receiving abusive or neglectful care?

Many grandparent caregivers report feeling

Which of the following statements is supported by research on emotional self-regulation?

According to Erikson, the psychological conflict of the first year is

In the early months, infants

Using Thomas and Chess's model of temperament, identify and describe the three categories of children. Do all children fit into one of these categories? Explain.

Infants' emotional expressions are

__________ is related to positive sibling interaction.

History, Theory, and Research Strategies

Genetic and Environmental Foundations

Prenatal Development

Birth and the Newborn Baby

Physical Development in Infancy and Toddlerhood

Cognitive Development in Infancy and Toddlerhood

Physical Development in Infancy and Toddlerhood

Cognitive Development in Early Childhood

Emotional and Social Development in Early Childhood

Physical Development in Middle Childhood

Cognitive Development in Middle Childhood

Emotional and Social Development in Middle Childhood

Filters

Exam 7: Emotional and Social Development in Infancy and Toddlerhood

According to Rothbart, individuals differ not just in their reactivity on each dimension but also in

Describe Erik Erikson's psychosocial theory as it applies to the development of infant and toddler personality.

Job loss, a failing marriage, financial difficulties, or parental psychological problems

Emotional self-regulation requires

Which of the following statements about attachment and later development is true?

Three-year-old Cara knows that her mother will pick her up from preschool every day after snacktime. Cara seeks comfort from her mother whenever she is in an unfamiliar or stressful situation. These examples show that Cara has developed

Research on infant attachment of the Dogon people of Mali, Africa, revealed no one showed __________ attachment to their mothers.

Research on sex differences in temperament shows that

According to Thomas and Chess, the difficult child

Which of the following statements is supported by research on emotional development?

After being gently scolded for taking a toy away from his cousin, 20-month-old Rainer lowers his eyes, hangs his head, and hides his face with his hands. Rainer is expressing

Bindi quickly establishes regular routines, is generally cheerful, and adapts easily to new experiences. In Thomas and Chess's model of temperament, Bindi would be classified as a(n) __________ child.

Which of the following children is most likely to be receiving abusive or neglectful care?

Many grandparent caregivers report feeling

Which of the following statements is supported by research on emotional self-regulation?

According to Erikson, the psychological conflict of the first year is

In the early months, infants

Using Thomas and Chess's model of temperament, identify and describe the three categories of children. Do all children fit into one of these categories? Explain.

Infants' emotional expressions are

__________ is related to positive sibling interaction.

History, Theory, and Research Strategies

Genetic and Environmental Foundations

Prenatal Development

Birth and the Newborn Baby

Physical Development in Infancy and Toddlerhood

Cognitive Development in Infancy and Toddlerhood

Physical Development in Infancy and Toddlerhood

Cognitive Development in Early Childhood

Emotional and Social Development in Early Childhood

Physical Development in Middle Childhood

Cognitive Development in Middle Childhood

Emotional and Social Development in Middle Childhood

Filters