Question 1

In natural, or quasi-, experiments,

Accepted Answer

A)  random assignment helps protect against reduction in the accuracy of the findings. 
B)  researchers combine random assignment with the matching technique. 
C)  cause-and-effect inferences cannot be made. 
D)  lack of random assignment substantially reduces the precision of the research. 
A)  random assignment helps protect against reduction in the accuracy of the findings. 
B)  researchers combine random assignment with the matching technique. 
C)  cause-and-effect inferences cannot be made. 
D)  lack of random assignment substantially reduces the precision of the research.

Question 2

Longitudinal research can identify common patterns as well as individual differences in development because the investigator

Accepted Answer

A)  studies groups of participants differing in age at the same point in time. 
B)  randomly assigns participants to treatment conditions. 
C)  tracks the performance of each person over time. 
D)  conducts quasi-experiments, comparing conditions that already exist. 
A)  studies groups of participants differing in age at the same point in time. 
B)  randomly assigns participants to treatment conditions. 
C)  tracks the performance of each person over time. 
D)  conducts quasi-experiments, comparing conditions that already exist.

Question 3

In an experiment examining whether phonics instruction in preschool increases a child's reading level in third grade, the dependent variable would be the

Accepted Answer

A)  type of phonics instruction. 
B)  number of children in the experiment. 
C)  child's reading level in third grade. 
D)  frequency of phonics instruction. 
A)  type of phonics instruction. 
B)  number of children in the experiment. 
C)  child's reading level in third grade. 
D)  frequency of phonics instruction.

Question 4

Observations of imprinting led to which of the following major concepts in child development?

Accepted Answer

A)  behavior modification 
B)  observational learning 
C)  the critical period 
D)  the chronosystem 
A)  behavior modification 
B)  observational learning 
C)  the critical period 
D)  the chronosystem

Question 5

Which of the following statements about the correlational design is true?

Accepted Answer

A)  Researchers gather information on individuals and make no effort to alter their experiences. 
B)  Unlike the experimental design, it permits inferences of cause and effect. 
C)  Researchers use an evenhanded procedure to assign people to two or more treatment conditions. 
D)  In an experiment, the events and behaviors of interest are divided into independent and dependent variables. 
A)  Researchers gather information on individuals and make no effort to alter their experiences. 
B)  Unlike the experimental design, it permits inferences of cause and effect. 
C)  Researchers use an evenhanded procedure to assign people to two or more treatment conditions. 
D)  In an experiment, the events and behaviors of interest are divided into independent and dependent variables.

Question 6

Which of the following statements about emerging adulthood is true?

Accepted Answer

A)  It is a period of development that spans from age 15 to 21 years. 
B)  It is a period of development unique to underdeveloped nations. 
C)  Although emerging adults have moved beyond adolescence, they have not yet fully assumed adult roles. 
D)  It is a period of development mostly limited to young people in developing nations. 
A)  It is a period of development that spans from age 15 to 21 years. 
B)  It is a period of development unique to underdeveloped nations. 
C)  Although emerging adults have moved beyond adolescence, they have not yet fully assumed adult roles. 
D)  It is a period of development mostly limited to young people in developing nations.

Question 7

One strength of longitudinal studies is that investigators can

Accepted Answer

A)  collect a large amount of data in a short time span. 
B)  explore similarities among different aged participants at the same time. 
C)  ensure that participants adequately represent the population of interest. 
D)  examine relationships between early and later events and behaviors. 
A)  collect a large amount of data in a short time span. 
B)  explore similarities among different aged participants at the same time. 
C)  ensure that participants adequately represent the population of interest. 
D)  examine relationships between early and later events and behaviors.

Question 8

Why are ethical concerns heightened when children take part in research? How is informed consent used with children?

Accepted Answer

The quest for scientific knowledge can s

Question 9

All contemporary child development theories view children as

Accepted Answer

A)  naturally endowed with a sense of right and wrong. 
B)  passive and emotionally fragile. 
C)  adults in training. 
D)  active, purposeful beings. 
A)  naturally endowed with a sense of right and wrong. 
B)  passive and emotionally fragile. 
C)  adults in training. 
D)  active, purposeful beings.

Question 10

Using the __________ design, researchers observe how developmental change occurs.

Accepted Answer

A)  longitudinal 
B)  cross-sectional 
C)  sequential 
D)  microgenetic 
A)  longitudinal 
B)  cross-sectional 
C)  sequential 
D)  microgenetic

Question 11

Sigmund Freud's psychosexual theory

Accepted Answer

A)  was developed through careful observations of his own children. 
B)  emphasizes that how parents manage their child's fears is crucial for healthy sexual development. 
C)  emphasizes five parts of the personality that become integrated during a sequence of three stages. 
D)  was developed through having emotionally troubled adults talk freely about painful events of their childhoods. 
A)  was developed through careful observations of his own children. 
B)  emphasizes that how parents manage their child's fears is crucial for healthy sexual development. 
C)  emphasizes five parts of the personality that become integrated during a sequence of three stages. 
D)  was developed through having emotionally troubled adults talk freely about painful events of their childhoods.

Question 12

Theorists who believe that children who are high or low in a characteristic will remain so at later ages typically stress the importance of

Accepted Answer

A)  heredity. 
B)  stages. 
C)  nurture. 
D)  plasticity. 
A)  heredity. 
B)  stages. 
C)  nurture. 
D)  plasticity.

Question 13

At home, Paul's parents hit him as punishment for misbehavior. At preschool, Paul angrily hits a playmate who takes his toy. According to social learning theory, Paul is displaying

Accepted Answer

A)  classical conditioning. 
B)  operant conditioning. 
C)  behavior modification. 
D)  observational learning. 
A)  classical conditioning. 
B)  operant conditioning. 
C)  behavior modification. 
D)  observational learning.

Question 14

Both __________ and __________ emphasize many possible courses of development.

Accepted Answer

A)  the psychoanalytic perspective; ethology 
B)  ethology; evolutionary developmental psychology 
C)  cognitive-developmental theory; behaviorism 
D)  behaviorism; social learning theory 
A)  the psychoanalytic perspective; ethology 
B)  ethology; evolutionary developmental psychology 
C)  cognitive-developmental theory; behaviorism 
D)  behaviorism; social learning theory

Question 15

In a research study, 10-year-old Joe was given a pile of blocks varying in size, shape, and weight and was asked to build a bridge over a "river" (painted on a floor map) that was too wide for any single block to span. The researcher carefully tracked Joe's efforts using a flowchart. The researcher was probably applying which recent theoretical perspective?

Accepted Answer

A)  ecological systems theory 
B)  evolutionary developmental psychology 
C)  information processing 
D)  sociocultural theory 
A)  ecological systems theory 
B)  evolutionary developmental psychology 
C)  information processing 
D)  sociocultural theory

Question 16

The independent variable is the one

Accepted Answer

A)  the investigator expects to be influenced by another variable. 
B)  that is randomly assigned. 
C)  that shows the strength of the correlational relationship. 
D)  the investigator expects to cause changes in another variable. 
A)  the investigator expects to be influenced by another variable. 
B)  that is randomly assigned. 
C)  that shows the strength of the correlational relationship. 
D)  the investigator expects to cause changes in another variable.

Question 17

Unlike Piaget's cognitive-developmental theory, the information-processing approach

Accepted Answer

A)  uses clinical interviews to determine a child's stage of development. 
B)  does not divide development into stages. 
C)  characterizes each developmental stage by qualitatively distinct ways of thinking. 
D)  views development as a discontinuous process. 
A)  uses clinical interviews to determine a child's stage of development. 
B)  does not divide development into stages. 
C)  characterizes each developmental stage by qualitatively distinct ways of thinking. 
D)  views development as a discontinuous process.

Question 18

According to Jean Piaget's cognitive-developmental theory,

Accepted Answer

A)  development must be understood in relation to each child's culture. 
B)  children's sense of self-efficacy guides their responses in particular situations. 
C)  children actively construct knowledge as they manipulate and explore their world. 
D)  children's learning depends on reinforcers, such as rewards from adults. 
A)  development must be understood in relation to each child's culture. 
B)  children's sense of self-efficacy guides their responses in particular situations. 
C)  children actively construct knowledge as they manipulate and explore their world. 
D)  children's learning depends on reinforcers, such as rewards from adults.

Question 19

According to __________, children move through a series of stages in which they confront conflicts between biological drives and social expectations.

Accepted Answer

A)  the normative approach 
B)  behaviorism 
C)  social learning theory 
D)  the psychoanalytic perspective 
A)  the normative approach 
B)  behaviorism 
C)  social learning theory 
D)  the psychoanalytic perspective

Question 20

Describe the contributions and limitations of behaviorism and social learning theory to the scientific study of human development.

Accepted Answer

According to behaviorism, directly obser

In natural, or quasi-, experiments,

Longitudinal research can identify common patterns as well as individual differences in development because the investigator

In an experiment examining whether phonics instruction in preschool increases a child's reading level in third grade, the dependent variable would be the

Observations of imprinting led to which of the following major concepts in child development?

Which of the following statements about the correlational design is true?

Which of the following statements about emerging adulthood is true?

One strength of longitudinal studies is that investigators can

Why are ethical concerns heightened when children take part in research? How is informed consent used with children?

All contemporary child development theories view children as

Using the __________ design, researchers observe how developmental change occurs.

Sigmund Freud's psychosexual theory

Theorists who believe that children who are high or low in a characteristic will remain so at later ages typically stress the importance of

At home, Paul's parents hit him as punishment for misbehavior. At preschool, Paul angrily hits a playmate who takes his toy. According to social learning theory, Paul is displaying

Both and emphasize many possible courses of development.

The independent variable is the one

Unlike Piaget's cognitive-developmental theory, the information-processing approach

According to Jean Piaget's cognitive-developmental theory,

According to __________, children move through a series of stages in which they confront conflicts between biological drives and social expectations.

Describe the contributions and limitations of behaviorism and social learning theory to the scientific study of human development.

Genetic and Environmental Foundations

Prenatal Development

Birth and the Newborn Baby

Physical Development in Infancy and Toddlerhood

Cognitive Development in Infancy and Toddlerhood

Emotional and Social Development in Infancy and Toddlerhood

Physical Development in Infancy and Toddlerhood

Cognitive Development in Early Childhood

Emotional and Social Development in Early Childhood

Physical Development in Middle Childhood

Cognitive Development in Middle Childhood

Emotional and Social Development in Middle Childhood

Filters

Exam 1: History, Theory, and Research Strategies

In natural, or quasi-, experiments,

Longitudinal research can identify common patterns as well as individual differences in development because the investigator

In an experiment examining whether phonics instruction in preschool increases a child's reading level in third grade, the dependent variable would be the

Observations of imprinting led to which of the following major concepts in child development?

Which of the following statements about the correlational design is true?

Which of the following statements about emerging adulthood is true?

One strength of longitudinal studies is that investigators can

Why are ethical concerns heightened when children take part in research? How is informed consent used with children?

All contemporary child development theories view children as

Using the __________ design, researchers observe how developmental change occurs.

Sigmund Freud's psychosexual theory

Theorists who believe that children who are high or low in a characteristic will remain so at later ages typically stress the importance of

At home, Paul's parents hit him as punishment for misbehavior. At preschool, Paul angrily hits a playmate who takes his toy. According to social learning theory, Paul is displaying

Both __________ and __________ emphasize many possible courses of development.

The independent variable is the one

Unlike Piaget's cognitive-developmental theory, the information-processing approach

According to Jean Piaget's cognitive-developmental theory,

According to __________, children move through a series of stages in which they confront conflicts between biological drives and social expectations.

Describe the contributions and limitations of behaviorism and social learning theory to the scientific study of human development.

Genetic and Environmental Foundations

Prenatal Development

Birth and the Newborn Baby

Physical Development in Infancy and Toddlerhood

Cognitive Development in Infancy and Toddlerhood

Emotional and Social Development in Infancy and Toddlerhood

Physical Development in Infancy and Toddlerhood

Cognitive Development in Early Childhood

Emotional and Social Development in Early Childhood

Physical Development in Middle Childhood

Cognitive Development in Middle Childhood

Emotional and Social Development in Middle Childhood

Filters

Both and emphasize many possible courses of development.