Question 1

Dr. Brewer views the human mind as a symbol-manipulating system through which information flows. Dr. Brewer's view is consistent with

Accepted Answer

A)  information processing. 
B)  ethology. 
C)  behaviorism. 
D)  sociocultural theory. 
A)  information processing. 
B)  ethology. 
C)  behaviorism. 
D)  sociocultural theory.

Question 2

Theorists who emphasize plasticity believe that

Accepted Answer

A)  early experiences establish a lifelong pattern of behavior. 
B)  heredity, rather than the environment, influences behavior. 
C)  children who are high or low in a characteristic will remain so at later ages. 
D)  development is open to change in response to influential experiences. 
A)  early experiences establish a lifelong pattern of behavior. 
B)  heredity, rather than the environment, influences behavior. 
C)  children who are high or low in a characteristic will remain so at later ages. 
D)  development is open to change in response to influential experiences.

Question 3

The most consistent asset of resilient children is

Accepted Answer

A)  high self-esteem. 
B)  access to high-quality child care. 
C)  a strong bond with a competent, caring adult. 
D)  being identified as gifted. 
A)  high self-esteem. 
B)  access to high-quality child care. 
C)  a strong bond with a competent, caring adult. 
D)  being identified as gifted.

Question 4

When a researcher directly controls or manipulates changes in the independent variable by exposing participants to the treatment conditions,

Accepted Answer

A)  she is conducting a correlational study. 
B)  cause-and-effect relationships can be detected. 
C)  the correlational coefficient should be zero. 
D)  she is using a technique called matching. 
A)  she is conducting a correlational study. 
B)  cause-and-effect relationships can be detected. 
C)  the correlational coefficient should be zero. 
D)  she is using a technique called matching.

Question 5

One reason that the psychoanalytic perspective is no longer in the mainstream of child development research is because

Accepted Answer

A)  many psychoanalytic ideas, such as ego functioning, are too vague to be tested empirically. 
B)  psychoanalytic theorists accept the clinical method in which age-related averages represent typical development. 
C)  modern researchers have demonstrated that personality development does not take place in stages. 
D)  it failed to consider the early parent-child relationship, which is central to modern theories. 
A)  many psychoanalytic ideas, such as ego functioning, are too vague to be tested empirically. 
B)  psychoanalytic theorists accept the clinical method in which age-related averages represent typical development. 
C)  modern researchers have demonstrated that personality development does not take place in stages. 
D)  it failed to consider the early parent-child relationship, which is central to modern theories.

Question 6

Unlike Freud, Erikson

Accepted Answer

A)  viewed children as taking a more active role in their own development. 
B)  pointed out that normal development must be understood in relation to each culture's life situation. 
C)  minimized the role of culture in individual development. 
D)  primarily focused on the importance of early life experiences. 
A)  viewed children as taking a more active role in their own development. 
B)  pointed out that normal development must be understood in relation to each culture's life situation. 
C)  minimized the role of culture in individual development. 
D)  primarily focused on the importance of early life experiences.

Question 7

Jean-Jacques Rousseau saw children as

Accepted Answer

A)  determining their own destinies. 
B)  blank slates to be filled by adult instruction. 
C)  tainted by original sin. 
D)  passive and highly plastic. 
A)  determining their own destinies. 
B)  blank slates to be filled by adult instruction. 
C)  tainted by original sin. 
D)  passive and highly plastic.

Question 8

A researcher studying the effects of a certain pain reliever on children with chronic pain gave one group of children the pain medication and gave a placebo (or sugar pill) to another group of children. After the results were recorded, the placebo group did not receive real pain medication. This violates which of the following children's research rights?

Accepted Answer

A)  privacy 
B)  beneficial treatments 
C)  informed consent 
D)  knowledge of results 
A)  privacy 
B)  beneficial treatments 
C)  informed consent 
D)  knowledge of results

Question 9

Cohort effects occur when

Accepted Answer

A)  participants in longitudinal studies become "test-wise" from repeated study. 
B)  particular cultural and historical conditions influence participants born at the same time. 
C)  participants in longitudinal studies move away or drop out of the research. 
D)  participants in a study have a special appreciation for the scientific value of research. 
A)  participants in longitudinal studies become "test-wise" from repeated study. 
B)  particular cultural and historical conditions influence participants born at the same time. 
C)  participants in longitudinal studies move away or drop out of the research. 
D)  participants in a study have a special appreciation for the scientific value of research.

Question 10

An investigator wanted to speak candidly with high school students about their use of substances. He felt that the students would be more honest if their parents were unaware that they were participating in the study. If the investigator chooses to interview the students without their parents' knowledge, he will violate which of the following children's research rights?

Accepted Answer

A)  privacy 
B)  protection from harm 
C)  informed consent 
D)  beneficial treatments 
A)  privacy 
B)  protection from harm 
C)  informed consent 
D)  beneficial treatments

Question 11

The ultimate responsibility for the ethical integrity of research with children lies with the

Accepted Answer

A)  investigator. 
B)  institutional review board (IR
B) . 
C)  child. 
D)  child's parents. 
A)  investigator. 
B)  institutional review board (IR
B) . 
C)  child. 
D)  child's parents.

Question 12

Dr. Zielke's research shows that the death of a spouse in old age is correlated with a decline in the surviving partner's physical health. Which of the following conclusions is supported by this study?

Accepted Answer

A)  The death of a spouse causes a decline in the surviving partner's physical health. 
B)  The death of a spouse is related to a decline in the surviving partner's physical health. 
C)  A decline in a surviving partner's physical health can cause the death of a spouse. 
D)  A third variable, such as memory loss, causes a surviving partner's decline in physical health. 
A)  The death of a spouse causes a decline in the surviving partner's physical health. 
B)  The death of a spouse is related to a decline in the surviving partner's physical health. 
C)  A decline in a surviving partner's physical health can cause the death of a spouse. 
D)  A third variable, such as memory loss, causes a surviving partner's decline in physical health.

Question 13

Dr. Newman spent three years in Botswana, participating in the daily life of a community there. She gathered extensive field notes, consisting of a mix of self-reports from members of the community and her own observations. Which of the following research methods did Dr. Newman most likely use in her research?

Accepted Answer

A)  ethnography 
B)  structured observation 
C)  the microgenetic design 
D)  the clinical, or case study, method 
A)  ethnography 
B)  structured observation 
C)  the microgenetic design 
D)  the clinical, or case study, method

Question 14

According to Vygotsky's theory,

Accepted Answer

A)  today's lifestyles differ so radically from those of our evolutionary ancestors that certain evolved behaviors are no longer adaptive. 
B)  children shape their own development during both sensitive and critical developmental periods. 
C)  children revise incorrect ideas in their ongoing efforts to achieve equilibrium between internal structures and every-day information. 
D)  social interaction is necessary for children to acquire the ways of thinking and behaving that make up a community's culture. 
A)  today's lifestyles differ so radically from those of our evolutionary ancestors that certain evolved behaviors are no longer adaptive. 
B)  children shape their own development during both sensitive and critical developmental periods. 
C)  children revise incorrect ideas in their ongoing efforts to achieve equilibrium between internal structures and every-day information. 
D)  social interaction is necessary for children to acquire the ways of thinking and behaving that make up a community's culture.

Question 15

The biological concept of __________ is central to Piaget's theory.

Accepted Answer

A)  reinforcement 
B)  adaptation 
C)  imitation 
D)  physical growth 
A)  reinforcement 
B)  adaptation 
C)  imitation 
D)  physical growth

Question 16

One advantage of the sequential design is that

Accepted Answer

A)  researchers can find out whether cohort effects are operating by comparing participants of the same age who were born in different years. 
B)  it permits cause-and-effect inferences by studying groups of people differing in age at the same point in time. 
C)  it presents participants with a novel task and follows their mastery over a series of closely spaced sessions. 
D)  it is especially useful for studying the strategies children use to acquire new knowledge in reading and science. 
A)  researchers can find out whether cohort effects are operating by comparing participants of the same age who were born in different years. 
B)  it permits cause-and-effect inferences by studying groups of people differing in age at the same point in time. 
C)  it presents participants with a novel task and follows their mastery over a series of closely spaced sessions. 
D)  it is especially useful for studying the strategies children use to acquire new knowledge in reading and science.

Question 17

According to B. F. Skinner, the frequency of a behavior can be increased by following it with a wide variety of

Accepted Answer

A)  punishments. 
B)  negative stimuli. 
C)  stimulus-response associations. 
D)  reinforcers. 
A)  punishments. 
B)  negative stimuli. 
C)  stimulus-response associations. 
D)  reinforcers.

Question 18

Dr. Bigelow is interested in studying musical prodigies. Which of the following research methods is best suited for this type of research?

Accepted Answer

A)  naturalistic observation 
B)  clinical interview 
C)  the clinical, or case study, method 
D)  structured interview 
A)  naturalistic observation 
B)  clinical interview 
C)  the clinical, or case study, method 
D)  structured interview

Question 19

Which of the following behaviors is consistent with Vygotsky's theory?

Accepted Answer

A)  When his mother takes him to the grocery store, Tom is well-behaved because he knows that his mother will reward him with candy. 
B)  When playing on the beach, Kehaulani builds the same sort of sand castle that she observed her younger sister building a few days ago. 
C)  Yesica, a Brazilian child candy seller with no schooling, develops sophisticated mathematical abilities as a result of her work. 
D)  When trying to solve a math equation, Otto tries several formulas before he stumbles on the correct one and solves the equation. 
A)  When his mother takes him to the grocery store, Tom is well-behaved because he knows that his mother will reward him with candy. 
B)  When playing on the beach, Kehaulani builds the same sort of sand castle that she observed her younger sister building a few days ago. 
C)  Yesica, a Brazilian child candy seller with no schooling, develops sophisticated mathematical abilities as a result of her work. 
D)  When trying to solve a math equation, Otto tries several formulas before he stumbles on the correct one and solves the equation.

Question 20

The term sensitive period applies better to human development than the strict notion of a critical period because

Accepted Answer

A)  its boundaries are less well-defined than are those of a critical period. 
B)  the capacity to acquire certain skills cannot occur later than the optimal period. 
C)  there are more sensitive periods than critical periods in human development. 
D)  sensitive periods, but not critical periods, have been empirically tested. 
A)  its boundaries are less well-defined than are those of a critical period. 
B)  the capacity to acquire certain skills cannot occur later than the optimal period. 
C)  there are more sensitive periods than critical periods in human development. 
D)  sensitive periods, but not critical periods, have been empirically tested.

Dr. Brewer views the human mind as a symbol-manipulating system through which information flows. Dr. Brewer's view is consistent with

Theorists who emphasize plasticity believe that

The most consistent asset of resilient children is

When a researcher directly controls or manipulates changes in the independent variable by exposing participants to the treatment conditions,

One reason that the psychoanalytic perspective is no longer in the mainstream of child development research is because

Unlike Freud, Erikson

Jean-Jacques Rousseau saw children as

Cohort effects occur when

The ultimate responsibility for the ethical integrity of research with children lies with the

Dr. Zielke's research shows that the death of a spouse in old age is correlated with a decline in the surviving partner's physical health. Which of the following conclusions is supported by this study?

According to Vygotsky's theory,

The biological concept of __________ is central to Piaget's theory.

One advantage of the sequential design is that

According to B. F. Skinner, the frequency of a behavior can be increased by following it with a wide variety of

Dr. Bigelow is interested in studying musical prodigies. Which of the following research methods is best suited for this type of research?

Which of the following behaviors is consistent with Vygotsky's theory?

The term sensitive period applies better to human development than the strict notion of a critical period because

Genetic and Environmental Foundations

Prenatal Development

Birth and the Newborn Baby

Physical Development in Infancy and Toddlerhood

Cognitive Development in Infancy and Toddlerhood

Emotional and Social Development in Infancy and Toddlerhood

Physical Development in Infancy and Toddlerhood

Cognitive Development in Early Childhood

Emotional and Social Development in Early Childhood

Physical Development in Middle Childhood

Cognitive Development in Middle Childhood

Emotional and Social Development in Middle Childhood

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Exam 1: History, Theory, and Research Strategies

Dr. Brewer views the human mind as a symbol-manipulating system through which information flows. Dr. Brewer's view is consistent with

Theorists who emphasize plasticity believe that

The most consistent asset of resilient children is

When a researcher directly controls or manipulates changes in the independent variable by exposing participants to the treatment conditions,

One reason that the psychoanalytic perspective is no longer in the mainstream of child development research is because

Unlike Freud, Erikson

Jean-Jacques Rousseau saw children as

Cohort effects occur when

The ultimate responsibility for the ethical integrity of research with children lies with the

Dr. Zielke's research shows that the death of a spouse in old age is correlated with a decline in the surviving partner's physical health. Which of the following conclusions is supported by this study?

According to Vygotsky's theory,

The biological concept of __________ is central to Piaget's theory.

One advantage of the sequential design is that

According to B. F. Skinner, the frequency of a behavior can be increased by following it with a wide variety of

Dr. Bigelow is interested in studying musical prodigies. Which of the following research methods is best suited for this type of research?

Which of the following behaviors is consistent with Vygotsky's theory?

The term sensitive period applies better to human development than the strict notion of a critical period because

Genetic and Environmental Foundations

Prenatal Development

Birth and the Newborn Baby

Physical Development in Infancy and Toddlerhood

Cognitive Development in Infancy and Toddlerhood

Emotional and Social Development in Infancy and Toddlerhood

Physical Development in Infancy and Toddlerhood

Cognitive Development in Early Childhood

Emotional and Social Development in Early Childhood

Physical Development in Middle Childhood

Cognitive Development in Middle Childhood

Emotional and Social Development in Middle Childhood

Filters