Question 1

Research shows that school-age children who hold flexible beliefs about what boys and girls can do

Accepted Answer

A)  are extremely critical of peers who engage in traditionally "masculine" or "feminine" activities. 
B)  may disagree with instances of gender discrimination, but will feel uncomfortable making changes in the situation. 
C)  are more likely to notice instances of gender discrimination. 
D)  have mothers who engage in traditionally "feminine" household duties, such as cooking and cleaning. 
A)  are extremely critical of peers who engage in traditionally "masculine" or "feminine" activities. 
B)  may disagree with instances of gender discrimination, but will feel uncomfortable making changes in the situation. 
C)  are more likely to notice instances of gender discrimination. 
D)  have mothers who engage in traditionally "feminine" household duties, such as cooking and cleaning.

Question 2

Although Kyra was considered a "tomboy" in early and middle childhood, by high school, she became interested in wearing makeup and feminine clothes. Kyra's situation is an example of gender

Accepted Answer

A)  intensification. 
B)  consistency. 
C)  stability. 
D)  endurance. 
A)  intensification. 
B)  consistency. 
C)  stability. 
D)  endurance.

Question 3

When mothers label gender, either with nouns or with pronouns, these statements

Accepted Answer

A)  prevent the use of generics in children's language. 
B)  promote gender-neutral thinking in children. 
C)  can confuse children about what it means to be male versus female. 
D)  encourage toddlers to sort their social world into gender categories. 
A)  prevent the use of generics in children's language. 
B)  promote gender-neutral thinking in children. 
C)  can confuse children about what it means to be male versus female. 
D)  encourage toddlers to sort their social world into gender categories.

Question 4

Statements like "Boys can be firefighters" and "Most girls don't like playing football" are examples of

Accepted Answer

A)  observational learning. 
B)  generic utterances. 
C)  expressive traits. 
D)  gender schemas. 
A)  observational learning. 
B)  generic utterances. 
C)  expressive traits. 
D)  gender schemas.

Question 5

Between ages 6 and 11 years,

Accepted Answer

A)  "feminine" gender identity strengthens among boys; girls' gender identity becomes more androgynous. 
B)  gender-role conformity increases and gender segregation becomes less pronounced. 
C)  "masculine" gender identity strengthens among boys, while girls' gender identity becomes more androgynous. 
D)  gender stereotyping of activities, occupations, and behaviors expands. 
A)  "feminine" gender identity strengthens among boys; girls' gender identity becomes more androgynous. 
B)  gender-role conformity increases and gender segregation becomes less pronounced. 
C)  "masculine" gender identity strengthens among boys, while girls' gender identity becomes more androgynous. 
D)  gender stereotyping of activities, occupations, and behaviors expands.

Question 6

Dimitri believes that girls can be firefighters and boys can be caregivers for their children. Dimitri's beliefs illustrate

Accepted Answer

A)  androgyny. 
B)  gender-stereotype flexibility. 
C)  gender constancy. 
D)  gender stability. 
A)  androgyny. 
B)  gender-stereotype flexibility. 
C)  gender constancy. 
D)  gender stability.

Question 7

A six-month follow-up of children who received active intervention in teaching them to challenge peer sexist comments showed that girls were more likely to

Accepted Answer

A)  confront boy peers who made comments than their girl peers. 
B)  use physical force against a peer who made a sexist remark than girls who had not received active intervention. 
C)  attain a gender-stereotype flexibility that extended beyond behavior to their attitudes. 
D)  fail to confront peers who made sexist remarks. 
A)  confront boy peers who made comments than their girl peers. 
B)  use physical force against a peer who made a sexist remark than girls who had not received active intervention. 
C)  attain a gender-stereotype flexibility that extended beyond behavior to their attitudes. 
D)  fail to confront peers who made sexist remarks.

Question 8

Because older children realize that gender-stereotypic attributes are associated-but not defining-features of gender, their beliefs about possible male and female characteristics and capacities

Accepted Answer

A)  do not yet encompass conflicting information. 
B)  tend to be one-sided judgments. 
C)  rely on gender labels. 
D)  become more flexible. 
A)  do not yet encompass conflicting information. 
B)  tend to be one-sided judgments. 
C)  rely on gender labels. 
D)  become more flexible.

Question 9

Which of the following statements is true regarding gender identity in middle childhood?

Accepted Answer

A)  Boys are more likely than girls to describe themselves as having "other-gender" characteristics. 
B)  Boys are more likely than girls to rate "masculine" occupations as having higher status than "feminine" occupations. 
C)  Girls strengthen their identification with "feminine" characteristics, while boys' identification with "masculine" characteristics declines. 
D)  Girls are more likely than boys to consider future work roles stereotyped for the other gender. 
A)  Boys are more likely than girls to describe themselves as having "other-gender" characteristics. 
B)  Boys are more likely than girls to rate "masculine" occupations as having higher status than "feminine" occupations. 
C)  Girls strengthen their identification with "feminine" characteristics, while boys' identification with "masculine" characteristics declines. 
D)  Girls are more likely than boys to consider future work roles stereotyped for the other gender.

Question 10

In a study examining 18-month-old girls' and boys' looking times at vehicles and dolls, researchers found that

Accepted Answer

A)  boys looked longer than girls at the dolls, whereas girls looked longer than boys at the vehicles. 
B)  boys and girls spent equal amounts of time looking at the dolls and the vehicles. 
C)  both boys and girls looked longer at the vehicles than the dolls. 
D)  girls looked longer than boys at the dolls, whereas boys looked longer than girls at the vehicles. 
A)  boys looked longer than girls at the dolls, whereas girls looked longer than boys at the vehicles. 
B)  boys and girls spent equal amounts of time looking at the dolls and the vehicles. 
C)  both boys and girls looked longer at the vehicles than the dolls. 
D)  girls looked longer than boys at the dolls, whereas boys looked longer than girls at the vehicles.

Question 11

When asked about attitudes toward "cross-gender" behavior, parents of preschoolers responded

Accepted Answer

A)  more negatively to the idea of girls than of boys crossing gender lines. 
B)  positively to the idea of girls crossing gender lines. 
C)  equally negatively to the idea of boys and girls crossing gender lines. 
D)  more negatively to the idea of boys than of girls crossing gender lines. 
A)  more negatively to the idea of girls than of boys crossing gender lines. 
B)  positively to the idea of girls crossing gender lines. 
C)  equally negatively to the idea of boys and girls crossing gender lines. 
D)  more negatively to the idea of boys than of girls crossing gender lines.

Question 12

Girls in the Nyansongo settlement in Kenya are afforded more freedom and independence than most cultures, which leads them to score higher than

Accepted Answer

A)  boys of other tribal and village cultures in dominance, assertiveness, and playful roughhousing. 
B)  boys in caregiving responsibilities and emotional support. 
C)  girls of other tribal and village cultures in dominance, assertiveness, and playful roughhousing. 
D)  girls of other tribal and village cultures in androgyny. 
A)  boys of other tribal and village cultures in dominance, assertiveness, and playful roughhousing. 
B)  boys in caregiving responsibilities and emotional support. 
C)  girls of other tribal and village cultures in dominance, assertiveness, and playful roughhousing. 
D)  girls of other tribal and village cultures in androgyny.

Question 13

Gender-schematic thinking is so powerful that when children see others behaving in "gender-inconsistent" ways, they

Accepted Answer

A)  experience a crisis of gender labeling that disrupts peer interactions. 
B)  become more pronounced in their gender segregation as well as gender-role conformity. 
C)  often cannot remember the behavior or distort their memory to make it "gender-consistent." 
D)  object and tell that person not to behave in such a way. 
A)  experience a crisis of gender labeling that disrupts peer interactions. 
B)  become more pronounced in their gender segregation as well as gender-role conformity. 
C)  often cannot remember the behavior or distort their memory to make it "gender-consistent." 
D)  object and tell that person not to behave in such a way.

Question 14

Dean associates certain activities, roles, and traits as being typical for either males or females. His associations conform to cultural stereotypes and encompass many gender-linked responses. This is an example of gender

Accepted Answer

A)  atypicality. 
B)  roles. 
C)  typing. 
D)  identity. 
A)  atypicality. 
B)  roles. 
C)  typing. 
D)  identity.

Question 15

__________ causes the adrenal system to produce unusually high levels of __________ from the prenatal period onward.

Accepted Answer

A)  Diabetes; blood sugar 
B)  Congenital adrenal hyperplasia; androgens 
C)  Congenital adrenal hyperplasia; estrogen 
D)  Anoxia at birth; androgens 
A)  Diabetes; blood sugar 
B)  Congenital adrenal hyperplasia; androgens 
C)  Congenital adrenal hyperplasia; estrogen 
D)  Anoxia at birth; androgens

Question 16

Three-year-old Amanda is asked whether she can be a boy if she wants to. She answers, "Yes." Amanda is in which stage of gender-constancy development?

Accepted Answer

A)  androgyny 
B)  gender consistency 
C)  gender stability 
D)  gender labeling 
A)  androgyny 
B)  gender consistency 
C)  gender stability 
D)  gender labeling

Question 17

Which of the following consequences results from the greater amounts of time that boys spend playing action video games?

Accepted Answer

A)  Speed of thinking is enhanced, but mental rotation is sacrificed in the process. 
B)  The development of cognitive processes outside of spatial skills is arrested. 
C)  Language skills are greatly reduced. 
D)  Cognitive processes important for spatial skills are enhanced. 
A)  Speed of thinking is enhanced, but mental rotation is sacrificed in the process. 
B)  The development of cognitive processes outside of spatial skills is arrested. 
C)  Language skills are greatly reduced. 
D)  Cognitive processes important for spatial skills are enhanced.

Question 18

Gender-stereotype flexibility rises as children develop

Accepted Answer

A)  an understanding that males and females have different abilities and preferences. 
B)  noticeable physical and pubertal changes. 
C)  social skills that enable them to work and play with members of the other sex. 
D)  the cognitive capacity to integrate conflicting social cues. 
A)  an understanding that males and females have different abilities and preferences. 
B)  noticeable physical and pubertal changes. 
C)  social skills that enable them to work and play with members of the other sex. 
D)  the cognitive capacity to integrate conflicting social cues.

Question 19

Throughout the school years, children show a strong preference for

Accepted Answer

A)  same-sex peers. 
B)  large-group play. 
C)  quiet activities involving cooperative roles. 
D)  other-sex peers. 
A)  same-sex peers. 
B)  large-group play. 
C)  quiet activities involving cooperative roles. 
D)  other-sex peers.

Question 20

Which of the following events is likely to spark depression in 15-year-old Danica?

Accepted Answer

A)  the onset of puberty 
B)  getting a C on a pop quiz 
C)  not being in the same Spanish class as her best friend 
D)  transitioning to a new school 
A)  the onset of puberty 
B)  getting a C on a pop quiz 
C)  not being in the same Spanish class as her best friend 
D)  transitioning to a new school

Research shows that school-age children who hold flexible beliefs about what boys and girls can do

Although Kyra was considered a "tomboy" in early and middle childhood, by high school, she became interested in wearing makeup and feminine clothes. Kyra's situation is an example of gender

When mothers label gender, either with nouns or with pronouns, these statements

Statements like "Boys can be firefighters" and "Most girls don't like playing football" are examples of

Between ages 6 and 11 years,

Dimitri believes that girls can be firefighters and boys can be caregivers for their children. Dimitri's beliefs illustrate

A six-month follow-up of children who received active intervention in teaching them to challenge peer sexist comments showed that girls were more likely to

Because older children realize that gender-stereotypic attributes are associated-but not defining-features of gender, their beliefs about possible male and female characteristics and capacities

Which of the following statements is true regarding gender identity in middle childhood?

In a study examining 18-month-old girls' and boys' looking times at vehicles and dolls, researchers found that

When asked about attitudes toward "cross-gender" behavior, parents of preschoolers responded

Girls in the Nyansongo settlement in Kenya are afforded more freedom and independence than most cultures, which leads them to score higher than

Gender-schematic thinking is so powerful that when children see others behaving in "gender-inconsistent" ways, they

Dean associates certain activities, roles, and traits as being typical for either males or females. His associations conform to cultural stereotypes and encompass many gender-linked responses. This is an example of gender

causes the adrenal system to produce unusually high levels of from the prenatal period onward.

Three-year-old Amanda is asked whether she can be a boy if she wants to. She answers, "Yes." Amanda is in which stage of gender-constancy development?

Which of the following consequences results from the greater amounts of time that boys spend playing action video games?

Gender-stereotype flexibility rises as children develop

Throughout the school years, children show a strong preference for

Which of the following events is likely to spark depression in 15-year-old Danica?

History, Theory, and Applied Directions

Research Strategies

Biological Foundations, Prenatal Development, and Birth

Infancy: Early Learning, Motor Skills, and Perceptual Capacities

Physical Growth

Cognitive Development: Piagetian, Core Knowledge, and Vygotskian Perspectives

Cognitive Development: an Information-Processing Perspective

Intelligence

Language Development

Emotional Development

Self and Social Understanding

Moral Development

The Family

Peers, Media, and Schooling

Filters

Exam 13: Development of Sex Differences and Gender Roles

Research shows that school-age children who hold flexible beliefs about what boys and girls can do

Although Kyra was considered a "tomboy" in early and middle childhood, by high school, she became interested in wearing makeup and feminine clothes. Kyra's situation is an example of gender

When mothers label gender, either with nouns or with pronouns, these statements

Statements like "Boys can be firefighters" and "Most girls don't like playing football" are examples of

Between ages 6 and 11 years,

Dimitri believes that girls can be firefighters and boys can be caregivers for their children. Dimitri's beliefs illustrate

A six-month follow-up of children who received active intervention in teaching them to challenge peer sexist comments showed that girls were more likely to

Because older children realize that gender-stereotypic attributes are associated-but not defining-features of gender, their beliefs about possible male and female characteristics and capacities

Which of the following statements is true regarding gender identity in middle childhood?

In a study examining 18-month-old girls' and boys' looking times at vehicles and dolls, researchers found that

When asked about attitudes toward "cross-gender" behavior, parents of preschoolers responded

Girls in the Nyansongo settlement in Kenya are afforded more freedom and independence than most cultures, which leads them to score higher than

Gender-schematic thinking is so powerful that when children see others behaving in "gender-inconsistent" ways, they

Dean associates certain activities, roles, and traits as being typical for either males or females. His associations conform to cultural stereotypes and encompass many gender-linked responses. This is an example of gender

__________ causes the adrenal system to produce unusually high levels of __________ from the prenatal period onward.

Three-year-old Amanda is asked whether she can be a boy if she wants to. She answers, "Yes." Amanda is in which stage of gender-constancy development?

Which of the following consequences results from the greater amounts of time that boys spend playing action video games?

Gender-stereotype flexibility rises as children develop

Throughout the school years, children show a strong preference for

Which of the following events is likely to spark depression in 15-year-old Danica?

History, Theory, and Applied Directions

Research Strategies

Biological Foundations, Prenatal Development, and Birth

Infancy: Early Learning, Motor Skills, and Perceptual Capacities

Physical Growth

Cognitive Development: Piagetian, Core Knowledge, and Vygotskian Perspectives

Cognitive Development: an Information-Processing Perspective

Intelligence

Language Development

Emotional Development

Self and Social Understanding

Moral Development

The Family

Peers, Media, and Schooling

Filters

causes the adrenal system to produce unusually high levels of from the prenatal period onward.