Question 1

Which of the carotenoid pigments has the greatest provitamin A activity?

Accepted Answer

A) alpha-carotene 
B) beta-carotene 
C) gamma-carotene 
D) delta-carotene 
A) alpha-carotene 
B) beta-carotene 
C) gamma-carotene 
D) delta-carotene

Question 2

​Instructions: Use the molecules below to answer the next three questions.

Accepted Answer

A)   
B)   
C)   
D)  
-Which molecule is β-carotene? 
A) A 
B) B 
C) C 
D) D 
A)   
B)   
C)   
D)  
-Which molecule is β-carotene? 
A) A 
B) B 
C) C 
D) D

Question 3

Which tocopherol form of vitamin E has biologic activity?

Accepted Answer

A) alpha 
B) beta 
C) gamma 
D) delta 
A) alpha 
B) beta 
C) gamma 
D) delta

Question 4

Which vitamin is said to be essential for growth and immune system function?

Accepted Answer

A) K 
B) A 
C) D 
D) E 
A) K 
B) A 
C) D 
D) E

Question 5

Match each vitamer with its function.
-11-cis retinal

Accepted Answer

A) interacts with nuclear VDR to increase calbindin 
B) required for carboxylation of glutamic acid 
C) needed for binding with opsin in the photoreceptor rod cells 
D) transported into nucleus to affect gene transcription of keratin proteins 
E) donates hydrogens to terminate propagation of membrane lipid peroxidation chain reactions 
A) interacts with nuclear VDR to increase calbindin 
B) required for carboxylation of glutamic acid 
C) needed for binding with opsin in the photoreceptor rod cells 
D) transported into nucleus to affect gene transcription of keratin proteins 
E) donates hydrogens to terminate propagation of membrane lipid peroxidation chain reactions

Question 6

Vitamin A enhances vitamin K absorption and increases the plasma concentration of vitamin E.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 7

Most of the vitamin E in the blood is carried by ____.

Accepted Answer

A) water 
B) albumin 
C) hemoglobin 
D) LDLs and HDLs 
A) water 
B) albumin 
C) hemoglobin 
D) LDLs and HDLs

Question 8

The current thought about using antioxidant supplements versus eating antioxidant-rich foods to decrease risk of cancer and heart disease is ____.

Accepted Answer

A) more is better 
B) eat antioxidant-rich foods instead 
C) vitamin E supplements work; β-carotene does not 
D) studies are inconclusive relating to consumption of antioxidant-rich foods and supplements are not that effective 
A) more is better 
B) eat antioxidant-rich foods instead 
C) vitamin E supplements work; β-carotene does not 
D) studies are inconclusive relating to consumption of antioxidant-rich foods and supplements are not that effective

Question 9

Where would you find retinoid X receptors (RXR)?

Accepted Answer

A) in cytosol 
B) in the nucleus 
C) in mitochondria 
D) in the ​Golgi apparatus 
A) in cytosol 
B) in the nucleus 
C) in mitochondria 
D) in the ​Golgi apparatus

Question 10

Match each vitamer with its function.
-retinoic acid

Accepted Answer

A) interacts with nuclear VDR to increase calbindin 
B) required for carboxylation of glutamic acid 
C) needed for binding with opsin in the photoreceptor rod cells 
D) transported into nucleus to affect gene transcription of keratin proteins 
E) donates hydrogens to terminate propagation of membrane lipid peroxidation chain reactions 
A) interacts with nuclear VDR to increase calbindin 
B) required for carboxylation of glutamic acid 
C) needed for binding with opsin in the photoreceptor rod cells 
D) transported into nucleus to affect gene transcription of keratin proteins 
E) donates hydrogens to terminate propagation of membrane lipid peroxidation chain reactions

Question 11

Match each vitamer with its function.
-calcitriol

Accepted Answer

A) interacts with nuclear VDR to increase calbindin 
B) required for carboxylation of glutamic acid 
C) needed for binding with opsin in the photoreceptor rod cells 
D) transported into nucleus to affect gene transcription of keratin proteins 
E) donates hydrogens to terminate propagation of membrane lipid peroxidation chain reactions 
A) interacts with nuclear VDR to increase calbindin 
B) required for carboxylation of glutamic acid 
C) needed for binding with opsin in the photoreceptor rod cells 
D) transported into nucleus to affect gene transcription of keratin proteins 
E) donates hydrogens to terminate propagation of membrane lipid peroxidation chain reactions

Question 12

Match each vitamer with its function.
-hydroquinone (KH₂)

Accepted Answer

A) interacts with nuclear VDR to increase calbindin 
B) required for carboxylation of glutamic acid 
C) needed for binding with opsin in the photoreceptor rod cells 
D) transported into nucleus to affect gene transcription of keratin proteins 
E) donates hydrogens to terminate propagation of membrane lipid peroxidation chain reactions 
A) interacts with nuclear VDR to increase calbindin 
B) required for carboxylation of glutamic acid 
C) needed for binding with opsin in the photoreceptor rod cells 
D) transported into nucleus to affect gene transcription of keratin proteins 
E) donates hydrogens to terminate propagation of membrane lipid peroxidation chain reactions

Question 13

The electron transport chain produces superoxide radicals as a result of ____.

Accepted Answer

A) autoxidation reactions 
B) interaction with carbon dioxide 
C) emission of alpha particles 
D) reduction in oxygen concentration 
A) autoxidation reactions 
B) interaction with carbon dioxide 
C) emission of alpha particles 
D) reduction in oxygen concentration

Question 14

The diet that has shown some promise in reducing the risk of progression to advanced macular degeneration is the ____ diet.

Accepted Answer

A) Paleo 
B) Mediterranean 
C) Atkins 
D) gluten-free 
A) Paleo 
B) Mediterranean 
C) Atkins 
D) gluten-free

Question 15

Choose the correct statement about the quenching of singlet oxygen by carotenoids.

Accepted Answer

A) Carotenoids donate an electron to the singlet oxygen to make it stable. 
B) Carotenoids covalently bond with the singlet oxygen to make it stable. 
C) Carotenoids donate energy so that the excited electron returns to its orbital. 
D) Carotenoids absorb the extra energy that is held by the singlet oxygen. 
A) Carotenoids donate an electron to the singlet oxygen to make it stable. 
B) Carotenoids covalently bond with the singlet oxygen to make it stable. 
C) Carotenoids donate energy so that the excited electron returns to its orbital. 
D) Carotenoids absorb the extra energy that is held by the singlet oxygen.

Question 16

Regulation of Proteins by Vitamins: Micronutrients,such as vitamins,typically regulate gene expression (i.e.,induction)directly.Use either vitamin D or vitamin A to illustrate this concept-be complete and thorough in your answer.Do not simply draw a diagram; include some discussion and make sure everything is labeled and/or defined.

Accepted Answer

As stated,we are talking about induction

Question 17

Which substance accounts for almost half of the antioxidant capacity of human plasma?

Accepted Answer

A) albumin 
B) uric acid 
C) citric acid 
D) carbonic acid 
A) albumin 
B) uric acid 
C) citric acid 
D) carbonic acid

Question 18

Explain the process by which rhodopsin is formed.

Accepted Answer

​Grading rubric - answer should include

Question 19

For which vitamin is the Tolerable Upper Intake Level set because of increased tendency for bleeding?

Accepted Answer

A) A 
B) D 
C) E 
D) K 
A) A 
B) D 
C) E 
D) K

Question 20

In certain groups of people,it is recommended that higher doses of vitamin D be ingested.Which groups are included in this recommendation and why?

Accepted Answer

​Grading rubric - answer should include

Which of the carotenoid pigments has the greatest provitamin A activity?

Instructions: Use the molecules below to answer the next three questions. A) B) C) D) -Which molecule is β-carotene?

Which tocopherol form of vitamin E has biologic activity?

Which vitamin is said to be essential for growth and immune system function?

Match each vitamer with its function. -11-cis retinal

Vitamin A enhances vitamin K absorption and increases the plasma concentration of vitamin E.

Most of the vitamin E in the blood is carried by ____.

The current thought about using antioxidant supplements versus eating antioxidant-rich foods to decrease risk of cancer and heart disease is ____.

Where would you find retinoid X receptors (RXR)?

Match each vitamer with its function. -retinoic acid

Match each vitamer with its function. -calcitriol

Match each vitamer with its function. -hydroquinone (KH₂)

The electron transport chain produces superoxide radicals as a result of ____.

The diet that has shown some promise in reducing the risk of progression to advanced macular degeneration is the ____ diet.

Choose the correct statement about the quenching of singlet oxygen by carotenoids.

Which substance accounts for almost half of the antioxidant capacity of human plasma?

Explain the process by which rhodopsin is formed.

For which vitamin is the Tolerable Upper Intake Level set because of increased tendency for bleeding?

In certain groups of people,it is recommended that higher doses of vitamin D be ingested.Which groups are included in this recommendation and why?

The Cell: A Microcosm of Life

The Digestive System: Mechanism for Nourishing the Body

Carbohydrates

Fiber

Lipids

Protein

Integration and Regulation of Metabolism and the Impact of Exercise

Energy Expenditure, Body Composition, and Healthy Weight

Water-Soluble Vitamins

Major Minerals

Water and Electrolytes

Essential Trace and Ultratrace Minerals

Nonessential Trace and Ultratrace Minerals

Filters

Exam 10: Fat-Soluble Vitamins

Which of the carotenoid pigments has the greatest provitamin A activity?

​Instructions: Use the molecules below to answer the next three questions. A) B) C) D) -Which molecule is β-carotene?

Which tocopherol form of vitamin E has biologic activity?

Which vitamin is said to be essential for growth and immune system function?

Match each vitamer with its function. -11-cis retinal

Vitamin A enhances vitamin K absorption and increases the plasma concentration of vitamin E.

Most of the vitamin E in the blood is carried by ____.

The current thought about using antioxidant supplements versus eating antioxidant-rich foods to decrease risk of cancer and heart disease is ____.

Where would you find retinoid X receptors (RXR)?

Match each vitamer with its function. -retinoic acid

Match each vitamer with its function. -calcitriol

Match each vitamer with its function. -hydroquinone (KH₂)

The electron transport chain produces superoxide radicals as a result of ____.

The diet that has shown some promise in reducing the risk of progression to advanced macular degeneration is the ____ diet.

Choose the correct statement about the quenching of singlet oxygen by carotenoids.

Which substance accounts for almost half of the antioxidant capacity of human plasma?

Explain the process by which rhodopsin is formed.

For which vitamin is the Tolerable Upper Intake Level set because of increased tendency for bleeding?

In certain groups of people,it is recommended that higher doses of vitamin D be ingested.Which groups are included in this recommendation and why?

The Cell: A Microcosm of Life

The Digestive System: Mechanism for Nourishing the Body

Carbohydrates

Fiber

Lipids

Protein

Integration and Regulation of Metabolism and the Impact of Exercise

Energy Expenditure, Body Composition, and Healthy Weight

Water-Soluble Vitamins

Major Minerals

Water and Electrolytes

Essential Trace and Ultratrace Minerals

Nonessential Trace and Ultratrace Minerals

Filters

Instructions: Use the molecules below to answer the next three questions. A) B) C) D) -Which molecule is β-carotene?