Exam 3: Carbohydrates

The abundance of GLUT4 is increased by induction in response to a high-CHO meal.

Which hormonal changes occur in response to a fall in blood glucose concentration?

The enzyme ATP synthase is believed to catalyze the formation of ATP,as described by the ____ theory.

What type of bond holds two monosaccharides together?

The glucose transporter that is sensitive to insulin is ____.

Describe the symport mechanism involving glucose and the NA+/K+-ATPase pump.

Upon digestion,food carbohydrates yield four times more glucose than ____.

Following a meal containing carbohydrates,glucose enters the bloodstream and increases the circulating blood glucose concentration.Describe the changes in the levels of hormonal regulators (insulin,glucagon,and cortisol)in response to this high glucose concentration and their major functions in lowering glucose levels in the bloodstream back to normal.

Name the model that depicts cyclized monosaccharides as lying in a horizontal plane with the hydroxyl groups pointing down or up from the plane.

In the ____,galactose is eventually converted to ____.

If an individual with no blood sugar abnormalities when eating regularly presented with severe hypoglycemia after 30 hours of fasting,which enzyme would you suspect might be malfunctioning?

The disaccharidases are synthesized by the ____.

Describe the process by which high levels of muscle lactate,produced by oxygen debt from exercise,are controlled/diminished by gluconeogenic action of the liver.

In the complete oxidation of 1 mol of glucose,how many ATPs are formed?

When compounds with one or more chiral carbon atoms and the same formula are arranged as mirror images they are said to be ____.

Match the enzymes with the pathway in which they function in carbohydrate metabolism. -glycogen phosphorylase

Enzymes are regulated by induction,covalent regulation (a form of posttranslational modification),and allosteric modification.Pick out any THREE (3)enzymes from the enzymes involved in glycolysis,the TCA cycle,gluconeogenesis,glycogenesis,or glycogenolysis.Then,indicate: the reaction that the enzyme catalyzes; what tissue(s)this occurs in; how it is regulated (via one of the mechanisms listed above); and what signals are involved in its regulation.NOTE: Long answers are unnecessary-this can be done in a relatively short single sentence.

Two hormones that stimulate glycogenolysis in the muscle and liver,respectively,are ____.

Cellulose is a polymer of glucose where the monomers are connected by β-linkages. Humans cannot digest this substance because ____.

Discuss the chemiosmotic hypothesis of the mechanism by which the energy from electron transport is used to synthesize ATP.