Question 1

Which of these statements is correctly phrased as a clinical question for evidence-based practice?

Accepted Answer

A)  What is the best method to insert an enteral feeding tube in an adult patient? 
B)  Are there differences in the characteristics of various brands of enteral feeding tubes? 
C)  In addition to aspiration, what are the most problematic complications of enteral tube feedings? 
D)  What method of determining stomach placement of enteral feeding tubes helps to prevent aspiration in adult patients? 
A)  What is the best method to insert an enteral feeding tube in an adult patient? 
B)  Are there differences in the characteristics of various brands of enteral feeding tubes? 
C)  In addition to aspiration, what are the most problematic complications of enteral tube feedings? 
D)  What method of determining stomach placement of enteral feeding tubes helps to prevent aspiration in adult patients? D

Question 2

When designing a research study, the nurse should have which of these understandings about independent and dependent variables?

Accepted Answer

A)  All research problem statements should contain a dependent and an independent variable. 
B)  There should only be one dependent variable associated with a single independent variable. 
C)  The relationship between the independent and the dependent variable in any study should be causal. 
D)  A given characteristic or situation may be the dependent variable in one study and the independent variable in another. 
A)  All research problem statements should contain a dependent and an independent variable. 
B)  There should only be one dependent variable associated with a single independent variable. 
C)  The relationship between the independent and the dependent variable in any study should be causal. 
D)  A given characteristic or situation may be the dependent variable in one study and the independent variable in another. D

Question 3

A nurse has defined the research question as, "What is the lived experience of late-stage pregnancy loss among women older than 35 years?" What type of research-question format (or research design) is implied by this question?

Accepted Answer

A)  Correlational nonexperimental 
B)  Comparative nonexperimental 
C)  Quantitative experimental 
D)  Grounded theory nonexperimental 
A)  Correlational nonexperimental 
B)  Comparative nonexperimental 
C)  Quantitative experimental 
D)  Grounded theory nonexperimental D

Question 4

Which research question is testable as currently written?

Accepted Answer

A)  Should parents addicted to crack cocaine be permitted to raise their children? 
B)  Is the classroom an appropriate place to teach sex education to 10-year-old children? 
C)  Are older adults living in assisted-living facilities satisfied with their level of social interaction? 
D)  Is a positive HIV/AIDS status a sufficient reason for limiting the employment of elementary school teachers? 
A)  Should parents addicted to crack cocaine be permitted to raise their children? 
B)  Is the classroom an appropriate place to teach sex education to 10-year-old children? 
C)  Are older adults living in assisted-living facilities satisfied with their level of social interaction? 
D)  Is a positive HIV/AIDS status a sufficient reason for limiting the employment of elementary school teachers?

Question 5

A nurse describes the hypothesis of a research study as, "There is a positive relationship between nurses' attitudes toward AIDS patients and the number of AIDS patients they have cared for in practice." This statement is an example of what?

Accepted Answer

A)  Null hypothesis 
B)  Nondirectional hypothesis 
C)  Directional hypothesis 
D)  Causal hypothesis 
A)  Null hypothesis 
B)  Nondirectional hypothesis 
C)  Directional hypothesis 
D)  Causal hypothesis

Question 6

A nurse's research question is, "How does maternal employment among health care professionals affect infant health during the first 6 months of life?" In this question, what is the dependent variable?

Accepted Answer

A)  Infant health 
B)  Maternal employment 
C)  First 6 months of life 
D)  Health care professionals 
A)  Infant health 
B)  Maternal employment 
C)  First 6 months of life 
D)  Health care professionals

Question 7

A nurse makes these statements. Which one has the greatest potential as an area of nursing research?

Accepted Answer

A)  "Most of our hospital's admissions come in at night." 
B)  "It is difficult to find personnel willing to work the night shift." 
C)  "It seems that most of the patient falls on our unit occur during the night shift." 
D)  "The personnel on the night shift are not attending promptly to the needs of our patients." 
A)  "Most of our hospital's admissions come in at night." 
B)  "It is difficult to find personnel willing to work the night shift." 
C)  "It seems that most of the patient falls on our unit occur during the night shift." 
D)  "The personnel on the night shift are not attending promptly to the needs of our patients."

Question 8

Which hypothesis would be classified as a statistical hypothesis?

Accepted Answer

A)  Oxygen inhalation at 2 L/min by nasal catheter will decrease oral temperature measured with an electronic thermometer. 
B)  Oxygen inhalation at 2 L/min by nasal catheter will not affect oral temperature measured with an electronic thermometer. 
C)  There will be a greater decrease in anxiety scores in patients receiving informational videos before open heart surgery than in patients who receive standard written information. 
D)  There will be a difference in anxiety scores in patients receiving informational videos before open heart surgery and patients who receive standard written information. 
A)  Oxygen inhalation at 2 L/min by nasal catheter will decrease oral temperature measured with an electronic thermometer. 
B)  Oxygen inhalation at 2 L/min by nasal catheter will not affect oral temperature measured with an electronic thermometer. 
C)  There will be a greater decrease in anxiety scores in patients receiving informational videos before open heart surgery than in patients who receive standard written information. 
D)  There will be a difference in anxiety scores in patients receiving informational videos before open heart surgery and patients who receive standard written information.

Question 9

How is a hypothesis related to a theory?

Accepted Answer

A)  Hypotheses can be developed in the absence of a theoretical framework. 
B)  Hypotheses must be consistent with an existing theoretical framework. 
C)  A theory can determine the validity of a hypothesis. 
D)  A theory can be used to evaluate the merit of a hypothesis. 
A)  Hypotheses can be developed in the absence of a theoretical framework. 
B)  Hypotheses must be consistent with an existing theoretical framework. 
C)  A theory can determine the validity of a hypothesis. 
D)  A theory can be used to evaluate the merit of a hypothesis.

Question 10

What is the $\bold{key}$ difference between independent and dependent variables?

Accepted Answer

A)  The dependent variable should change in response to manipulation by the independent variable. 
B)  The independent variable should change in response to manipulation by the dependent variable. 
C)  Although both the dependent and independent variables are manipulated, only the dependent variable is considered an intervention. 
D)  Although both the dependent and independent variables are manipulated, only the independent variable is considered an intervention. 
A)  The dependent variable should change in response to manipulation by the independent variable. 
B)  The independent variable should change in response to manipulation by the dependent variable. 
C)  Although both the dependent and independent variables are manipulated, only the dependent variable is considered an intervention. 
D)  Although both the dependent and independent variables are manipulated, only the independent variable is considered an intervention.

Question 11

Which hypothesis is nondirectional?

Accepted Answer

A)  Hospitals with an infection-control nurse will have fewer instances of sepsis among inpatients than hospitals without an infection-control nurse. 
B)  There will be a greater weight loss among dieting patients who receive a weekly supportive telephone call from a dietitian than among dieting patients who do not receive a weekly supportive phone call. 
C)  There will be a difference in stage of disease for prostate cancer among men who had an abnormal prostate-specific antigen screening compared with men who had an abnormal digital rectal examination screening. 
D)  Children who receive weekly counseling for 1 year after the death of a parent will perform better in school than children who do not receive weekly counseling after the death of a parent. 
A)  Hospitals with an infection-control nurse will have fewer instances of sepsis among inpatients than hospitals without an infection-control nurse. 
B)  There will be a greater weight loss among dieting patients who receive a weekly supportive telephone call from a dietitian than among dieting patients who do not receive a weekly supportive phone call. 
C)  There will be a difference in stage of disease for prostate cancer among men who had an abnormal prostate-specific antigen screening compared with men who had an abnormal digital rectal examination screening. 
D)  Children who receive weekly counseling for 1 year after the death of a parent will perform better in school than children who do not receive weekly counseling after the death of a parent.

Question 12

A nurse has defined the research question as, "Is there a relationship between self-esteem and body weight among postmenopausal women?" What type of research-question format (or research design) is implied by this question?

Accepted Answer

A)  Correlational nonexperimental 
B)  Comparative nonexperimental 
C)  Quantitative experimental 
D)  Grounded theory nonexperimental 
A)  Correlational nonexperimental 
B)  Comparative nonexperimental 
C)  Quantitative experimental 
D)  Grounded theory nonexperimental

Question 13

The nurse has identified a clinical problem as a potential research question. Which of these steps should the nurse take $\bold{next}$?

Accepted Answer

A)  Identify the variables 
B)  Formulate the research hypothesis 
C)  Perform a literature review 
D)  Determine financial resources for the research project 
A)  Identify the variables 
B)  Formulate the research hypothesis 
C)  Perform a literature review 
D)  Determine financial resources for the research project

Question 14

A nurse has defined the research question as, "How does oral nutritional supplementation during dialysis treatments affect the serum albumin levels of adult patients who have chronic kidney disease Stage 5?" In this question, what is the independent variable?

Accepted Answer

A)  Adult patients with chronic kidney disease Stage 5 
B)  Oral nutritional supplementation 
C)  During dialysis treatments 
D)  Serum albumin levels 
A)  Adult patients with chronic kidney disease Stage 5 
B)  Oral nutritional supplementation 
C)  During dialysis treatments 
D)  Serum albumin levels

Question 15

What is the purpose of a hypothesis for any study?

Accepted Answer

A)  To identify the dependent and independent variables 
B)  To provide direction for the study by indicating the expected outcomes 
C)  To define the appropriate measures needed to test the research problem 
D)  To provide a means of determining the feasibility of the proposed study 
A)  To identify the dependent and independent variables 
B)  To provide direction for the study by indicating the expected outcomes 
C)  To define the appropriate measures needed to test the research problem 
D)  To provide a means of determining the feasibility of the proposed study

Question 16

Which hypothesis fails to meet the criteria of testability?

Accepted Answer

A)  Proper handwashing prevents the spread of infection. 
B)  Consistent practice of low-impact aerobic exercise will increase coordination among older adults. 
C)  Patients who used guided imagery during magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) procedures will have reduced perceptions of emotional distress compared with patients who do not use guided imagery during MRI. 
D)  Postoperative patients who receive around-the-clock scheduled analgesics will have lower levels of pain compared with postoperative patients who receive analgesics on an as-needed (PRN) schedule. 
A)  Proper handwashing prevents the spread of infection. 
B)  Consistent practice of low-impact aerobic exercise will increase coordination among older adults. 
C)  Patients who used guided imagery during magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) procedures will have reduced perceptions of emotional distress compared with patients who do not use guided imagery during MRI. 
D)  Postoperative patients who receive around-the-clock scheduled analgesics will have lower levels of pain compared with postoperative patients who receive analgesics on an as-needed (PRN) schedule.

Question 17

What difference, if any, exists between a research question and a hypothesis?

Accepted Answer

A)  A research question is practice based, and a hypothesis is theory based. 
B)  A hypothesis attempts to answer the question posed by the research problem. 
C)  A research problem defines clinical research and a hypothesis defines basic research. 
D)  There is no difference between a research problem and a hypothesis. 
A)  A research question is practice based, and a hypothesis is theory based. 
B)  A hypothesis attempts to answer the question posed by the research problem. 
C)  A research problem defines clinical research and a hypothesis defines basic research. 
D)  There is no difference between a research problem and a hypothesis.

Question 18

The nurse has defined the hypothesis as, "There will be no difference in the number of adverse events among patients discharged two days after an abdominal hysterectomy compared with patients discharged 4 days after an abdominal hysterectomy." This statement is an example of what?

Accepted Answer

A)  Directional hypothesis 
B)  Nondirectional hypothesis 
C)  Research hypothesis 
D)  Null hypothesis 
A)  Directional hypothesis 
B)  Nondirectional hypothesis 
C)  Research hypothesis 
D)  Null hypothesis

Question 19

A nurse researcher proposes a study of teenage mothers and their experience with postpartum depression. Which of these considerations would affect the feasibility of the study?

Accepted Answer

A)  Availability of participants 
B)  Direction of the hypotheses 
C)  Gaps in the literature 
D)  Design of the study 
A)  Availability of participants 
B)  Direction of the hypotheses 
C)  Gaps in the literature 
D)  Design of the study

Question 20

A nurse states the purpose of a research study as, "This study will compare the effect of warm and cold applications on the resolution of intravenous (IV) infiltrations in hospitalized older-adult patients in the early postoperative period." In this statement, what constitutes the independent variable(s)?

Accepted Answer

A)  Postoperative older adult patients 
B)  Early postoperative period 
C)  Warm and cold applications 
D)  Resolution of IV infiltrations 
A)  Postoperative older adult patients 
B)  Early postoperative period 
C)  Warm and cold applications 
D)  Resolution of IV infiltrations

Which of these statements is correctly phrased as a clinical question for evidence-based practice?

When designing a research study, the nurse should have which of these understandings about independent and dependent variables?

A nurse has defined the research question as, "What is the lived experience of late-stage pregnancy loss among women older than 35 years?" What type of research-question format (or research design) is implied by this question?

Which research question is testable as currently written?

A nurse describes the hypothesis of a research study as, "There is a positive relationship between nurses' attitudes toward AIDS patients and the number of AIDS patients they have cared for in practice." This statement is an example of what?

A nurse's research question is, "How does maternal employment among health care professionals affect infant health during the first 6 months of life?" In this question, what is the dependent variable?

A nurse makes these statements. Which one has the greatest potential as an area of nursing research?

Which hypothesis would be classified as a statistical hypothesis?

How is a hypothesis related to a theory?

What is the $\bold{key}$ difference between independent and dependent variables?

Which hypothesis is nondirectional?

A nurse has defined the research question as, "Is there a relationship between self-esteem and body weight among postmenopausal women?" What type of research-question format (or research design) is implied by this question?

The nurse has identified a clinical problem as a potential research question. Which of these steps should the nurse take $\bold{next}$ ?

A nurse has defined the research question as, "How does oral nutritional supplementation during dialysis treatments affect the serum albumin levels of adult patients who have chronic kidney disease Stage 5?" In this question, what is the independent variable?

What is the purpose of a hypothesis for any study?

Which hypothesis fails to meet the criteria of testability?

What difference, if any, exists between a research question and a hypothesis?

The nurse has defined the hypothesis as, "There will be no difference in the number of adverse events among patients discharged two days after an abdominal hysterectomy compared with patients discharged 4 days after an abdominal hysterectomy." This statement is an example of what?

A nurse researcher proposes a study of teenage mothers and their experience with postpartum depression. Which of these considerations would affect the feasibility of the study?

Integrating Research, Evidence-Based Practice, and Quality Improvement Processes

Gathering and Appraising the Literature

Theoretical Frameworks for Research

Introduction to Qualitative Research

Qualitative Approaches to Research

Appraising Qualitative Research

Introduction to Quantitative Research

Experimental and Quasi-Experimental Designs

Nonexperimental Designs

Systematic Reviews and Clinical Practice Guidelines

Sampling

Legal and Ethical Issues

Data Collection Methods

Reliability and Validity

Data Analysis: Descriptive and Inferential Statistics

Understanding Research Findings

Appraising Quantitative Research

Strategies and Tools for Developing an Evidence-Based Practice

Developing an Evidence-Based Practice

Quality Improvement

Filters

Exam 2: Research Questions, Hypotheses, and Clinical Questions

Which of these statements is correctly phrased as a clinical question for evidence-based practice?

When designing a research study, the nurse should have which of these understandings about independent and dependent variables?

A nurse has defined the research question as, "What is the lived experience of late-stage pregnancy loss among women older than 35 years?" What type of research-question format (or research design) is implied by this question?

Which research question is testable as currently written?

A nurse describes the hypothesis of a research study as, "There is a positive relationship between nurses' attitudes toward AIDS patients and the number of AIDS patients they have cared for in practice." This statement is an example of what?

A nurse's research question is, "How does maternal employment among health care professionals affect infant health during the first 6 months of life?" In this question, what is the dependent variable?

A nurse makes these statements. Which one has the greatest potential as an area of nursing research?

Which hypothesis would be classified as a statistical hypothesis?

How is a hypothesis related to a theory?

What is the key\bold{key}key difference between independent and dependent variables?

Which hypothesis is nondirectional?

A nurse has defined the research question as, "Is there a relationship between self-esteem and body weight among postmenopausal women?" What type of research-question format (or research design) is implied by this question?

The nurse has identified a clinical problem as a potential research question. Which of these steps should the nurse take next\bold{next}next ?

A nurse has defined the research question as, "How does oral nutritional supplementation during dialysis treatments affect the serum albumin levels of adult patients who have chronic kidney disease Stage 5?" In this question, what is the independent variable?

What is the purpose of a hypothesis for any study?

Which hypothesis fails to meet the criteria of testability?

What difference, if any, exists between a research question and a hypothesis?

The nurse has defined the hypothesis as, "There will be no difference in the number of adverse events among patients discharged two days after an abdominal hysterectomy compared with patients discharged 4 days after an abdominal hysterectomy." This statement is an example of what?

A nurse researcher proposes a study of teenage mothers and their experience with postpartum depression. Which of these considerations would affect the feasibility of the study?

Integrating Research, Evidence-Based Practice, and Quality Improvement Processes

Gathering and Appraising the Literature

Theoretical Frameworks for Research

Introduction to Qualitative Research

Qualitative Approaches to Research

Appraising Qualitative Research

Introduction to Quantitative Research

Experimental and Quasi-Experimental Designs

Nonexperimental Designs

Systematic Reviews and Clinical Practice Guidelines

Sampling

Legal and Ethical Issues

Data Collection Methods

Reliability and Validity

Data Analysis: Descriptive and Inferential Statistics

Understanding Research Findings

Appraising Quantitative Research

Strategies and Tools for Developing an Evidence-Based Practice

Developing an Evidence-Based Practice

Quality Improvement

Filters

What is the $\bold{key}$ difference between independent and dependent variables?

The nurse has identified a clinical problem as a potential research question. Which of these steps should the nurse take $\bold{next}$ ?