Exam 2: Culture.

Identify and compare the various types of norms.

Even though the specifics of individual cultures vary widely, all cultures have four common material cultural components: symbols, language, values, and norms.

Soccer is an example of a __________ in sports. Until recently, only schoolchildren played soccer in the United States. Now, it has become a popular sport, perhaps in part because of immigrants from Latin America and other areas of the world where soccer is widely played.

Today, discovery most often results from __________. For example, discovery of a polio vaccine virtually eliminated one of the major childhood diseases.

__________ are unlearned, biologically determined impulses common to all members of a species that satisfy needs such as those for sleep, food, water, or sexual gratification.

Values provide ideals of beliefs about behavior but do not state explicitly how we should behave. __________ are established rules of behavior or standards of conduct

The popularity of piñatas in China, Italy, Spain, Mexico, the United States, and other nations is an example of __________.

__________ theorists view language as a source of power and social control; it perpetuates inequalities between people and between groups because words are used to "keep people in their place."

Discuss how cultural assumptions are challenged by an encounter with culture shock.

Sociologists stress that a gap always exists between culture. For example, we may claim to be law-abiding (__________) but smoke marijuana (__________).

Brian and Jenny went walking in the neighborhood park. Both of them were wearing nothing on the upper half of their bodies. Brian would be violating a __________; and Jenny would be violating a __________.

Anthropologist George Murdock compiled a list of over seventy __________, which are customs and practices that occur across all societies.

A(n) __________ is anything that meaningfully represents something else. Culture could not exist without them because there would be no shared meanings among people.

Explain the primary ways that language influences culture.

From a functionalist perspective, language is a source of power and social control; language perpetuates inequalities between people and between groups because words are used to "keep people in their place."

Culture shock is the disorientation that people feel when they encounter cultures radically different from their own and believe they can not depend on their own taken-for-granted assumptions about life.

Today, over 75 percent of the more than 100,000 Old Order Amish live in __________ where they practice their religious beliefs and remain a relatively closed social network.

From the __________ perspectives, people create, maintain, and modify culture as they go about their everyday activities. People continually negotiate their social realities. Values and norms are not independent realities that automatically determine our behavior. Instead, we reinterpret them in each social situation we encounter.

A counterculture is a category of people who share distinguishing attributes, beliefs, values, and/or norms that set them apart in some significant manner from the dominant culture. For example, the Old Order Amish are considered a counterculture in the United States.

Jeffery Dahmer was convicted of murder and sentenced to life in prison for this offense. He also practiced cannibalism on his victims. In this situation, the act of murder could be described as the violation of a __________, while cannibalism could be described as the violation of a __________.