Exam 2: Culture.

__________ consists of the abstract or intangible human creations of society that influence people's behavior.

Describe the importance of culture in determining how people think and act on a daily basis and explain why rules are essential to a society.

Examples of __________ include a sneeze after breathing some pepper in through the nose or the blinking of an eye when a speck of dust gets in it.

Explain why the rate of cultural change (cultural lag) is uneven and distinguish between discovery, invention, and diffusion as means of cultural change.

Groups such as the beatniks of the 1950s, the drug enthusiasts of the 1970s, and members of religious cults reject some or many of culture's basic norms and values. These groups are called

The ____ community encourages families to prepare their food from scratch and to preserve their own fruits.

Define values and list the ten core values identified by sociologist Robin Williams.

Describe the importance of language and explain the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis.

Describe subcultures and countercultures and provide examples of each.

A reflex is an unlearned, biologically determined behavior pattern common to all members of a species that predictably occurs whenever certain environmental conditions exist.

The strongest mores are referred to as __________. They are so strong that their violation is considered to be extremely offensive and even unmentionable.

Discuss how language may create and reinforce our perceptions about race and ethnicity by transmitting preconceived ideas about the superiority of one category of people over another.

When Napster first enabled users to exchange music files on the Internet, recording companies cried "foul" even though there were no laws to limit such exchanges. This gap between social norms and technology provides an illustration of what sociologist William Ogburn called __________.

A(n) __________ is an unlearned, biologically determined involuntary response to some physical stimuli.

__________ is the process of reshaping existing cultural items into a new form. Guns, video games, and airplanes are examples that affect our lives today.

Not all norms are of equal importance; __________ are written down and involve specific punishments for violators. Laws are the most common type; they have been codified and may be enforced by sanctions.

Core values of morality and humanitarianism may be __________ with values of individual achievement and success. For example, humanitarian values reflected in welfare and other government aid programs for people in need clash with values emphasizing hard work and personal achievement.

__________ norms state what behavior is appropriate or acceptable. For example, persons making a certain amount of money are expected to file a tax return and pay any taxes they owe.

Explain what culture is and describe how it can be both a stabilizing force and a source of conflict in societies.

French sociologist Pierre Bourdieu's cultural capital theory views high culture as a device used by the dominant class to exclude the subordinate classes. According to Bourdieu, people must be trained to appreciate and understand high culture.