Exam 9: American Life in the “Roaring Twenties” 1920–1929

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Edith Wharton (January 24, 1862 – August 11, 1937) was an American novelist, short story writer, and designer. She was born into a wealthy New York family and was part of the upper echelon of American society during the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Wharton broke through the confines of her traditional background to become one of the most important writers in American literature.

Her historical significance lies in several key areas:

1. Literary Contributions: Edith Wharton was a prolific writer and is best known for her insights into the lives and morals of the American elite. Her most famous works include "The Age of Innocence" (1920), for which she won the Pulitzer Prize for Fiction, making her the first woman to receive this award. Other notable works include "Ethan Frome" (1911), "The House of Mirth" (1905), and "The Custom of the Country" (1913). Her writing style is characterized by its elegance, wit, and keen social commentary.

2. Portrayal of Women: Wharton's novels often explore the plight of women in society, particularly the constraints imposed upon them by rigid social structures and expectations. Her female characters frequently grapple with their desires for independence and self-expression within the confines of a society that values conformity and propriety.

3. Commentary on Society: Through her writing, Wharton critiqued the hypocrisy and superficiality of the upper class. Her work provides valuable insights into the social and cultural dynamics of the Gilded Age and the early 20th century, including the changing roles of women, the impact of industrialization, and the complexities of social stratification.

4. International Influence: Wharton was well-traveled and lived in Europe for much of her adult life, particularly in France. Her international perspective enriched her writing and allowed her to serve as a cultural bridge between America and Europe. During World War I, she was also known for her humanitarian work in France, for which she was awarded the French Legion of Honor.

5. Architectural and Design Legacy: In addition to her literary achievements, Wharton was interested in architecture and design. She co-authored "The Decoration of Houses" (1897) with architect Ogden Codman, which became a seminal work in the field of interior design and is still referenced today.

Edith Wharton's work remains relevant for its exploration of themes such as personal freedom, societal expectations, and the complexities of human relationships. Her literary achievements and her role as a social critic have cemented her place as a significant figure in the history of American literature.