Question 1

_________ refers to the sense of belonging to a specific cultural group as opposed to simply adopting its social practices,which is known more generally as _________.

Accepted Answer

A)  Ethnic identity;acculturation 
B)  Acculturation;ethnic identity 
C)  Cultural identity;cultural inclusion 
D)  Cultural inclusion;cultural identity 
A)  Ethnic identity;acculturation 
B)  Acculturation;ethnic identity 
C)  Cultural identity;cultural inclusion 
D)  Cultural inclusion;cultural identity

Question 2

Older adolescents tend to focus on prosocial behavior related to maintaining self-respect.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 3

Children with low self-esteem generally

Accepted Answer

A)  minimize the importance of the domains in which they are not especially competent. 
B)  gain satisfaction from the domains in which they are reasonably competent and disregard other domains. 
C)  have difficulty disregarding the importance of domains in which they are not especially competent. 
D)  show smaller competence/importance discrepancies than do children with high self-esteem. 
A)  minimize the importance of the domains in which they are not especially competent. 
B)  gain satisfaction from the domains in which they are reasonably competent and disregard other domains. 
C)  have difficulty disregarding the importance of domains in which they are not especially competent. 
D)  show smaller competence/importance discrepancies than do children with high self-esteem.

Question 4

Carla looked at a picture of herself and exclaimed,"That's me!" Carla's representation of herself as an object is called

Accepted Answer

A)  categorical self. 
B)  perceptual self. 
C)  self-concept. 
D)  self-awareness. 
A)  categorical self. 
B)  perceptual self. 
C)  self-concept. 
D)  self-awareness.

Question 5

The tendency to use others to evaluate one's own activities is called

Accepted Answer

A)  person perception. 
B)  social comparison. 
C)  external comparison. 
D)  personal comparison. 
A)  person perception. 
B)  social comparison. 
C)  external comparison. 
D)  personal comparison.

Question 6

The Samoan culture values contributions to the collective community more than the American culture does.Which of the following is most likely to be true regarding Mary,an American child,and Iolani,a Samoan child,with respect to their senses of self?

Accepted Answer

A)  There will be no differences between the two girls' conceptions of self. 
B)  Mary is more likely to evaluate her "self" in terms of individual competencies. 
C)  Iolani is more likely to evaluate her "self" in terms of individual competencies. 
D)  Both girls are equally likely to evaluate their concepts of "self" in terms of individual competencies,though Mary will do so at an earlier age. 
A)  There will be no differences between the two girls' conceptions of self. 
B)  Mary is more likely to evaluate her "self" in terms of individual competencies. 
C)  Iolani is more likely to evaluate her "self" in terms of individual competencies. 
D)  Both girls are equally likely to evaluate their concepts of "self" in terms of individual competencies,though Mary will do so at an earlier age.

Question 7

Responsiveness between caregiver and child is closely aligned with a healthy conscience for boys but not girls.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 8

Recent research on social comparison in young children suggests that children will have a more realistic understanding of their own status in the classroom if they

Accepted Answer

A)  limit their use of social comparison. 
B)  pay closer attention to the feedback they receive from their teachers. 
C)  use social referencing prior to embarking on a new experience. 
D)  make frequent social comparisons based on achievement. 
A)  limit their use of social comparison. 
B)  pay closer attention to the feedback they receive from their teachers. 
C)  use social referencing prior to embarking on a new experience. 
D)  make frequent social comparisons based on achievement.

Question 9

According to Eisenberg's prosocial dilemma tests,children in the ________ years are most likely to focus on behaviors concerned with fulfilling social obligations and avoiding guilt.

Accepted Answer

A)  preschool 
B)  elementary 
C)  middle school 
D)  high school 
A)  preschool 
B)  elementary 
C)  middle school 
D)  high school

Question 10

Suppose you are an educator who believes the school system should provide enrichment courses in moral development.How would you structure the curriculum? Who would you want to teach the course? What values would you discuss? What issues would cause you to grapple with opposing viewpoints?

Accepted Answer

Answers will vary widely,but s

Question 11

Delay-of-gratification tasks are often used to

Accepted Answer

A)  evaluate the child's self-esteem. 
B)  estimate the child's current level of intellectual ability. 
C)  evaluate the child's ability to regulate his or her own behavior. 
D)  evaluate the degree to which the child has bonded to his or her primary caregiver. 
A)  evaluate the child's self-esteem. 
B)  estimate the child's current level of intellectual ability. 
C)  evaluate the child's ability to regulate his or her own behavior. 
D)  evaluate the degree to which the child has bonded to his or her primary caregiver.

Question 12

According to Freud's theory,moral development arises during

Accepted Answer

A)  infancy. 
B)  the preschool years. 
C)  the school years. 
D)  adolescence. 
A)  infancy. 
B)  the preschool years. 
C)  the school years. 
D)  adolescence.

Question 13

Thomas will not touch the beautiful porcelain bird centerpiece that his mother purchased for the dining room table.According to social learning theory,Thomas will refrain from touching the porcelain bird because he

Accepted Answer

A)  is able to grasp the concepts of right and wrong. 
B)  knows that he will get punished if he touches the porcelain bird. 
C)  is able to understand his mother's wishes. 
D)  wishes to please his mother. 
A)  is able to grasp the concepts of right and wrong. 
B)  knows that he will get punished if he touches the porcelain bird. 
C)  is able to understand his mother's wishes. 
D)  wishes to please his mother.

Question 14

According to Carol Gilligan,females tend to be concerned with morality of ________,making moral judgments on the basis of concern for others;in contrast,males tend to be concerned with morality of ________,making moral judgments on the basis of reason and abstract principles of equity.

Accepted Answer

A)  care and responsibility;justice 
B)  justice;reciprocity 
C)  equality and reciprocity;laws and rules 
D)  social norms;proximity 
A)  care and responsibility;justice 
B)  justice;reciprocity 
C)  equality and reciprocity;laws and rules 
D)  social norms;proximity

Question 15

By seven years of age,self-descriptions shift from

Accepted Answer

A)  categorical activities to relational statements. 
B)  categorical activities to concrete statements. 
C)  relational statements to categorical statements. 
D)  relational statements to abstract statements. 
A)  categorical activities to relational statements. 
B)  categorical activities to concrete statements. 
C)  relational statements to categorical statements. 
D)  relational statements to abstract statements.

Question 16

Empirical investigations of Kohlberg's theory of moral development have

Accepted Answer

A)  provided evidence that most individuals skip certain stages. 
B)  failed to find any consistent relationship between gains in moral reasoning and gains in cognitive ability. 
C)  found a positive correlation between intellectual ability and the development of moral reasoning. 
D)  provided evidence that most individuals regress to earlier stages of moral development. 
A)  provided evidence that most individuals skip certain stages. 
B)  failed to find any consistent relationship between gains in moral reasoning and gains in cognitive ability. 
C)  found a positive correlation between intellectual ability and the development of moral reasoning. 
D)  provided evidence that most individuals regress to earlier stages of moral development.

Question 17

Sasha is fourteen and just entering high school.Based on research,her self-esteem is likely to increase during the adolescent years.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 18

A study that examined children's use of social comparisons in an achievement task found that ________ made use of social comparisons to judge their abilities.

Accepted Answer

A)  children three years of age and older 
B)  children five years of age and older 
C)  children seven years of age and older 
D)  the nine-year-olds but not the younger children 
A)  children three years of age and older 
B)  children five years of age and older 
C)  children seven years of age and older 
D)  the nine-year-olds but not the younger children

Question 19

Kohlberg's theory of moral development has been criticized on many issues.Which of the following criticisms has not been advanced?

Accepted Answer

A)  His theory fails to capture the many modes of moral reasoning across different cultures. 
B)  His theory maintains that females function at a higher stage of moral development than do males. 
C)  His theory may reflect a largely Western phenomenon because it does not allow for cultural differences in emphasis upon needs and laws. 
D)  His theory fails to account for individual differences in how individuals reason about moral issues at any given stage. 
A)  His theory fails to capture the many modes of moral reasoning across different cultures. 
B)  His theory maintains that females function at a higher stage of moral development than do males. 
C)  His theory may reflect a largely Western phenomenon because it does not allow for cultural differences in emphasis upon needs and laws. 
D)  His theory fails to account for individual differences in how individuals reason about moral issues at any given stage.

Question 20

Heteronomy and autonomy are major stages in Kohlberg's theory of moral development.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

_ refers to the sense of belonging to a specific cultural group as opposed to simply adopting its social practices,which is known more generally as _.

Older adolescents tend to focus on prosocial behavior related to maintaining self-respect.

Children with low self-esteem generally

Carla looked at a picture of herself and exclaimed,"That's me!" Carla's representation of herself as an object is called

The tendency to use others to evaluate one's own activities is called

The Samoan culture values contributions to the collective community more than the American culture does.Which of the following is most likely to be true regarding Mary,an American child,and Iolani,a Samoan child,with respect to their senses of self?

Responsiveness between caregiver and child is closely aligned with a healthy conscience for boys but not girls.

Recent research on social comparison in young children suggests that children will have a more realistic understanding of their own status in the classroom if they

According to Eisenberg's prosocial dilemma tests,children in the ________ years are most likely to focus on behaviors concerned with fulfilling social obligations and avoiding guilt.

Suppose you are an educator who believes the school system should provide enrichment courses in moral development.How would you structure the curriculum? Who would you want to teach the course? What values would you discuss? What issues would cause you to grapple with opposing viewpoints?

Delay-of-gratification tasks are often used to

According to Freud's theory,moral development arises during

Thomas will not touch the beautiful porcelain bird centerpiece that his mother purchased for the dining room table.According to social learning theory,Thomas will refrain from touching the porcelain bird because he

According to Carol Gilligan,females tend to be concerned with morality of ,making moral judgments on the basis of concern for others;in contrast,males tend to be concerned with morality of ,making moral judgments on the basis of reason and abstract principles of equity.

By seven years of age,self-descriptions shift from

Empirical investigations of Kohlberg's theory of moral development have

Sasha is fourteen and just entering high school.Based on research,her self-esteem is likely to increase during the adolescent years.

A study that examined children's use of social comparisons in an achievement task found that ________ made use of social comparisons to judge their abilities.

Kohlberg's theory of moral development has been criticized on many issues.Which of the following criticisms has not been advanced?

Heteronomy and autonomy are major stages in Kohlberg's theory of moral development.

Themes and Theories

Studying Child Development

Genetics and Heredity

The Prenatal Period and Birth

Brain, Motor Skill, and Physical Development

Basic Learning and Perception

Language

Cognition

Social Cognition

Achievement

Emotion

Gender

The Family

Peers

Beyond Family and Peers

Filters

Exam 12: Self and Values

_________ refers to the sense of belonging to a specific cultural group as opposed to simply adopting its social practices,which is known more generally as _________.

Older adolescents tend to focus on prosocial behavior related to maintaining self-respect.

Children with low self-esteem generally

Carla looked at a picture of herself and exclaimed,"That's me!" Carla's representation of herself as an object is called

The tendency to use others to evaluate one's own activities is called

The Samoan culture values contributions to the collective community more than the American culture does.Which of the following is most likely to be true regarding Mary,an American child,and Iolani,a Samoan child,with respect to their senses of self?

Responsiveness between caregiver and child is closely aligned with a healthy conscience for boys but not girls.

Recent research on social comparison in young children suggests that children will have a more realistic understanding of their own status in the classroom if they

According to Eisenberg's prosocial dilemma tests,children in the ________ years are most likely to focus on behaviors concerned with fulfilling social obligations and avoiding guilt.

Suppose you are an educator who believes the school system should provide enrichment courses in moral development.How would you structure the curriculum? Who would you want to teach the course? What values would you discuss? What issues would cause you to grapple with opposing viewpoints?

Delay-of-gratification tasks are often used to

According to Freud's theory,moral development arises during

Thomas will not touch the beautiful porcelain bird centerpiece that his mother purchased for the dining room table.According to social learning theory,Thomas will refrain from touching the porcelain bird because he

According to Carol Gilligan,females tend to be concerned with morality of ________,making moral judgments on the basis of concern for others;in contrast,males tend to be concerned with morality of ________,making moral judgments on the basis of reason and abstract principles of equity.

By seven years of age,self-descriptions shift from

Empirical investigations of Kohlberg's theory of moral development have

Sasha is fourteen and just entering high school.Based on research,her self-esteem is likely to increase during the adolescent years.

A study that examined children's use of social comparisons in an achievement task found that ________ made use of social comparisons to judge their abilities.

Kohlberg's theory of moral development has been criticized on many issues.Which of the following criticisms has not been advanced?

Heteronomy and autonomy are major stages in Kohlberg's theory of moral development.

Themes and Theories

Studying Child Development

Genetics and Heredity

The Prenatal Period and Birth

Brain, Motor Skill, and Physical Development

Basic Learning and Perception

Language

Cognition

Social Cognition

Achievement

Emotion

Gender

The Family

Peers

Beyond Family and Peers

Filters

_ refers to the sense of belonging to a specific cultural group as opposed to simply adopting its social practices,which is known more generally as _.

According to Carol Gilligan,females tend to be concerned with morality of ,making moral judgments on the basis of concern for others;in contrast,males tend to be concerned with morality of ,making moral judgments on the basis of reason and abstract principles of equity.