Question 1

Field experiments are conducted when the researcher is concerned with

Accepted Answer

A)  the likelihood of recruiting enough subjects to come to the laboratory to participate in an experiment. 
B)  the need to determine the causes of the behavior of interest. 
C)  the length of time it would take to complete an experiment. 
D)  the child's ability to respond normally to a manipulation in an artificial laboratory situation. 
A)  the likelihood of recruiting enough subjects to come to the laboratory to participate in an experiment. 
B)  the need to determine the causes of the behavior of interest. 
C)  the length of time it would take to complete an experiment. 
D)  the child's ability to respond normally to a manipulation in an artificial laboratory situation. D

Question 2

________ can show with some precision the areas that are activated when the child participates in a particular psychological task.

Accepted Answer

A)  PETs 
B)  fMRIs 
C)  MFGs 
D)  ERPs 
A)  PETs 
B)  fMRIs 
C)  MFGs 
D)  ERPs B

Question 3

The scientific method dictates that theories must be revised or elaborated as new observations confirm or refute them.This means that

Accepted Answer

A)  theories should be modified directly after obtaining one set of disconfirming data. 
B)  theories are modified only as the researchers who implement them go on to other research areas. 
C)  theories should be modified after a good amount of evidence calls for different predictions than those provided by the original theory. 
D)  theories are not useful for fueling new research efforts. 
A)  theories should be modified directly after obtaining one set of disconfirming data. 
B)  theories are modified only as the researchers who implement them go on to other research areas. 
C)  theories should be modified after a good amount of evidence calls for different predictions than those provided by the original theory. 
D)  theories are not useful for fueling new research efforts. C

Question 4

What is an ethnographic study and why is it an important methodological tool?

Accepted Answer

An ethnography uses observations of indi

Question 5

________ are characteristics shared by individuals growing up in a given sociohistorical context that can influence developmental outcomes.

Accepted Answer

A)  Cohort effects 
B)  Age-history confounds 
C)  Agemate reliability 
D)  Socio-linked attributes 
A)  Cohort effects 
B)  Age-history confounds 
C)  Agemate reliability 
D)  Socio-linked attributes

Question 6

When ________ are conducted in the laboratory,it is possible to record physiological measures,such as heart rate and brain waves,which can be very useful in studying ________ because their range of overt responses is more limited.

Accepted Answer

A)  naturalistic observations;infants 
B)  naturalistic observations;adults 
C)  structured observations;infants 
D)  structured observations;adults 
A)  naturalistic observations;infants 
B)  naturalistic observations;adults 
C)  structured observations;infants 
D)  structured observations;adults

Question 7

The ________ is the co-occurrence of historical factors with changes in age that affects the ability to determine the results of a longitudinal study.

Accepted Answer

A)  cohort effect 
B)  era-specific confound 
C)  age-history confound 
D)  cohort-era effect 
A)  cohort effect 
B)  era-specific confound 
C)  age-history confound 
D)  cohort-era effect

Question 8

One advantage of naturalistic observation is that

Accepted Answer

A)  this type of research never violates ethical guidelines. 
B)  researchers can see the events and behaviors that precede the target behaviors they are recording. 
C)  researchers can directly manipulate variables of interest. 
D)  the researcher can determine cause-and-effect relationships between variables of interest. 
A)  this type of research never violates ethical guidelines. 
B)  researchers can see the events and behaviors that precede the target behaviors they are recording. 
C)  researchers can directly manipulate variables of interest. 
D)  the researcher can determine cause-and-effect relationships between variables of interest.

Question 9

________ scans are more difficult to obtain from infants and younger children because they require that participants stay very still for somewhat prolonged periods of time.

Accepted Answer

A)  PET 
B)  fMRI 
C)  MFG 
D)  ERP 
A)  PET 
B)  fMRI 
C)  MFG 
D)  ERP

Question 10

In what situation is it always ethical for a developmental researcher to break confidentiality or remove a child from a study?

Accepted Answer

Answers will vary,but should d

Question 11

Older children may be more sensitive to research results that reflect negatively on their family or sociocultural group.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 12

If a test has high ________ reliability,it should yield similar results on two testing occasions;if a test has high ________ reliability,two or more observers should agree about what they are seeing.

Accepted Answer

A)  test;retest 
B)  test-retest;intra-rater 
C)  test-retest;inter-rater 
D)  operational;functional 
A)  test;retest 
B)  test-retest;intra-rater 
C)  test-retest;inter-rater 
D)  operational;functional

Question 13

________ is a type of study that allows for the recording of behaviors as they occur within a situation constructed by the experimenter.

Accepted Answer

A)  Structured observation 
B)  Structured interview 
C)  Constructed observation 
D)  Fabricated observation 
A)  Structured observation 
B)  Structured interview 
C)  Constructed observation 
D)  Fabricated observation

Question 14

A disadvantage of the single-case design is that

Accepted Answer

A)  researchers are limited in their ability to generalize to a larger group of children. 
B)  participants cannot be exposed to different treatment conditions. 
C)  participants must serve as their own control. 
D)  only one child or a few children can be observed over the course of the experiment. 
A)  researchers are limited in their ability to generalize to a larger group of children. 
B)  participants cannot be exposed to different treatment conditions. 
C)  participants must serve as their own control. 
D)  only one child or a few children can be observed over the course of the experiment.

Question 15

What is the key purpose of operationally defining a variable?

Accepted Answer

A)  A variable must be defined before one can determine if it is an independent variable or a dependent variable. 
B)  A variable cannot provide correlational information until it is operationally defined. 
C)  A variable must be defined in terms of unique measurement procedures that lend themselves to only one statistical test. 
D)  A variable must be defined in terms of precise measurement procedures that other researchers can use if they wish to repeat the study. 
A)  A variable must be defined before one can determine if it is an independent variable or a dependent variable. 
B)  A variable cannot provide correlational information until it is operationally defined. 
C)  A variable must be defined in terms of unique measurement procedures that lend themselves to only one statistical test. 
D)  A variable must be defined in terms of precise measurement procedures that other researchers can use if they wish to repeat the study.

Question 16

Researchers who conduct ________ must be very concerned with ruling out alternative explanations for their findings,due to the natural separation between groups.

Accepted Answer

A)  experimental studies 
B)  causal studies 
C)  quasi-experiments 
D)  qualitative studies 
A)  experimental studies 
B)  causal studies 
C)  quasi-experiments 
D)  qualitative studies

Question 17

The overriding guiding principle of the ethical guidelines is that children should not be subjected to any difficult situations and should be treated with all possible respect.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 18

The use of objective,measurable,and repeatable techniques to gather information is called

Accepted Answer

A)  research. 
B)  the scientific method. 
C)  research design. 
D)  operational validity. 
A)  research. 
B)  the scientific method. 
C)  research design. 
D)  operational validity.

Question 19

Researchers must be careful about making statements of cause and effect with respect to correlational studies because

Accepted Answer

A)  correlational studies cannot be tested for significance. 
B)  correlational designs do not follow the scientific method. 
C)  correlation coefficients are not recognized as real statistics. 
D)  correlational studies do not allow the active manipulation of variables. 
A)  correlational studies cannot be tested for significance. 
B)  correlational designs do not follow the scientific method. 
C)  correlation coefficients are not recognized as real statistics. 
D)  correlational studies do not allow the active manipulation of variables.

Question 20

What challenges do researchers gathering information using the structured interview or questionnaire technique face?

Accepted Answer

Researchers should take into account the

Field experiments are conducted when the researcher is concerned with

________ can show with some precision the areas that are activated when the child participates in a particular psychological task.

The scientific method dictates that theories must be revised or elaborated as new observations confirm or refute them.This means that

What is an ethnographic study and why is it an important methodological tool?

________ are characteristics shared by individuals growing up in a given sociohistorical context that can influence developmental outcomes.

When are conducted in the laboratory,it is possible to record physiological measures,such as heart rate and brain waves,which can be very useful in studying because their range of overt responses is more limited.

The ________ is the co-occurrence of historical factors with changes in age that affects the ability to determine the results of a longitudinal study.

One advantage of naturalistic observation is that

________ scans are more difficult to obtain from infants and younger children because they require that participants stay very still for somewhat prolonged periods of time.

In what situation is it always ethical for a developmental researcher to break confidentiality or remove a child from a study?

Older children may be more sensitive to research results that reflect negatively on their family or sociocultural group.

If a test has high reliability,it should yield similar results on two testing occasions;if a test has high reliability,two or more observers should agree about what they are seeing.

________ is a type of study that allows for the recording of behaviors as they occur within a situation constructed by the experimenter.

A disadvantage of the single-case design is that

What is the key purpose of operationally defining a variable?

Researchers who conduct ________ must be very concerned with ruling out alternative explanations for their findings,due to the natural separation between groups.

The overriding guiding principle of the ethical guidelines is that children should not be subjected to any difficult situations and should be treated with all possible respect.

The use of objective,measurable,and repeatable techniques to gather information is called

Researchers must be careful about making statements of cause and effect with respect to correlational studies because

What challenges do researchers gathering information using the structured interview or questionnaire technique face?

Themes and Theories

Genetics and Heredity

The Prenatal Period and Birth

Brain, Motor Skill, and Physical Development

Basic Learning and Perception

Language

Cognition

Social Cognition

Achievement

Emotion

Self and Values

Gender

The Family

Peers

Beyond Family and Peers

Filters

Exam 2: Studying Child Development

Field experiments are conducted when the researcher is concerned with

________ can show with some precision the areas that are activated when the child participates in a particular psychological task.

The scientific method dictates that theories must be revised or elaborated as new observations confirm or refute them.This means that

What is an ethnographic study and why is it an important methodological tool?

________ are characteristics shared by individuals growing up in a given sociohistorical context that can influence developmental outcomes.

When ________ are conducted in the laboratory,it is possible to record physiological measures,such as heart rate and brain waves,which can be very useful in studying ________ because their range of overt responses is more limited.

The ________ is the co-occurrence of historical factors with changes in age that affects the ability to determine the results of a longitudinal study.

One advantage of naturalistic observation is that

________ scans are more difficult to obtain from infants and younger children because they require that participants stay very still for somewhat prolonged periods of time.

In what situation is it always ethical for a developmental researcher to break confidentiality or remove a child from a study?

Older children may be more sensitive to research results that reflect negatively on their family or sociocultural group.

If a test has high ________ reliability,it should yield similar results on two testing occasions;if a test has high ________ reliability,two or more observers should agree about what they are seeing.

________ is a type of study that allows for the recording of behaviors as they occur within a situation constructed by the experimenter.

A disadvantage of the single-case design is that

What is the key purpose of operationally defining a variable?

Researchers who conduct ________ must be very concerned with ruling out alternative explanations for their findings,due to the natural separation between groups.

The overriding guiding principle of the ethical guidelines is that children should not be subjected to any difficult situations and should be treated with all possible respect.

The use of objective,measurable,and repeatable techniques to gather information is called

Researchers must be careful about making statements of cause and effect with respect to correlational studies because

What challenges do researchers gathering information using the structured interview or questionnaire technique face?

Themes and Theories

Genetics and Heredity

The Prenatal Period and Birth

Brain, Motor Skill, and Physical Development

Basic Learning and Perception

Language

Cognition

Social Cognition

Achievement

Emotion

Self and Values

Gender

The Family

Peers

Beyond Family and Peers

Filters

When are conducted in the laboratory,it is possible to record physiological measures,such as heart rate and brain waves,which can be very useful in studying because their range of overt responses is more limited.

If a test has high reliability,it should yield similar results on two testing occasions;if a test has high reliability,two or more observers should agree about what they are seeing.