Question 1

Skinner assumed that stimulus control

Accepted Answer

A)  enables the signal to elicit the operant response. 
B)  enables the signal to set the occasion for the reinforcement of voluntary responding. 
C)  results in a causal association provided that the researcher, and not the subject, controls the signal's occurrence and outcome. 
D)  produces a stronger association than that produced by a classical contingency. 
A)  enables the signal to elicit the operant response. 
B)  enables the signal to set the occasion for the reinforcement of voluntary responding. 
C)  results in a causal association provided that the researcher, and not the subject, controls the signal's occurrence and outcome. 
D)  produces a stronger association than that produced by a classical contingency.

Question 2

Identify and explain a behavior chain that leads to a primary reinforcer in your life, including at least three links. Clearly identify the responses (R) and the consequences (C).

Accepted Answer

Eating is reinforced by cooking. Cooking

Question 3

Which scenario illustrates a schedule of reinforcement?

Accepted Answer

A)  Subjects are trained according to feature-positive rather than feature-negative discrimination. 
B)  One group of subjects is trained only in the morning and one group is trained only in the afternoon. 
C)  Subjects receive 12 training trials per day, with each of the trials spaced one minute apart. 
D)  Subjects that perform a specific behavior receive a particular outcome 75% of the time the behavior occurs. 
A)  Subjects are trained according to feature-positive rather than feature-negative discrimination. 
B)  One group of subjects is trained only in the morning and one group is trained only in the afternoon. 
C)  Subjects receive 12 training trials per day, with each of the trials spaced one minute apart. 
D)  Subjects that perform a specific behavior receive a particular outcome 75% of the time the behavior occurs.

Question 4

Explain the assumptions of the Premack principle, and describe some practices based on Premack's principle that could be used to motivate children in a tutoring program to study and complete their homework.

Accepted Answer

The Premack principle assumes that the o

Question 5

Explain what researchers mean by the "learning/performance" distinction in instrumental learning and the role of reinforcement in those processes.

Accepted Answer

From an associative learning perspective

Question 6

Getting an A on a test is an outcome of a _____ schedule.

Accepted Answer

A)  FI 
B)  VI 
C)  FR 
D)  VR 
A)  FI 
B)  VI 
C)  FR 
D)  VR

Question 7

In a series of studies examining maze learning in animals, Tolman concluded that the animals tended to learn

Accepted Answer

A)  where to go to get rewarded, rather than the particular response that resulted in the reward. 
B)  the particular response that resulted in the reward, rather than where to go to get rewarded. 
C)  about the different reward options and demonstrated individual differences in terms of the preferred reinforcer. 
D)  how to produce the most efficient response to obtain the reward and avoid wasted effort. 
A)  where to go to get rewarded, rather than the particular response that resulted in the reward. 
B)  the particular response that resulted in the reward, rather than where to go to get rewarded. 
C)  about the different reward options and demonstrated individual differences in terms of the preferred reinforcer. 
D)  how to produce the most efficient response to obtain the reward and avoid wasted effort.

Question 8

Despite having been reinforced for correctly manipulating a lock (i.e., opening it successfully), you still have trouble opening it, and you keep trying different strategies. Which statement about this situation is correct?

Accepted Answer

A)  According to Guthrie, you have not had enough reinforcement of the appropriate response. 
B)  According to Thorndike, opening the lock produces as much annoyance as its being open produces satisfaction. 
C)  According to Guthrie, you perform the procedure differently each time because the various stimuli are different each time. 
D)  According to Tolman, each time you approach the lock your goals are subtly different because you approach it from different angles. 
A)  According to Guthrie, you have not had enough reinforcement of the appropriate response. 
B)  According to Thorndike, opening the lock produces as much annoyance as its being open produces satisfaction. 
C)  According to Guthrie, you perform the procedure differently each time because the various stimuli are different each time. 
D)  According to Tolman, each time you approach the lock your goals are subtly different because you approach it from different angles.

Question 9

The matching law assumes that a subject's response rate will be proportional to the

Accepted Answer

A)  rate of reinforcement. 
B)  duration of the session. 
C)  number of different cued schedules. 
D)  similarity of the occasion setters. 
A)  rate of reinforcement. 
B)  duration of the session. 
C)  number of different cued schedules. 
D)  similarity of the occasion setters.

Question 10

According to the matching law, a person in a relationship will be more likely to cheat when

Accepted Answer

A)  the person becomes habituated to reinforcement from their partner. 
B)  reinforcement from other people matches that of their partner. 
C)  reinforcement from their partner decreases or reinforcement from others increases. 
D)  the person can receive reinforcement only in the limited environment of home. 
A)  the person becomes habituated to reinforcement from their partner. 
B)  reinforcement from other people matches that of their partner. 
C)  reinforcement from their partner decreases or reinforcement from others increases. 
D)  the person can receive reinforcement only in the limited environment of home.

Question 11

Which statement is false?

Accepted Answer

A)  Guthrie and Tolman claimed that instrumental learning results from contiguity of behavior and outcomes. 
B)  Thorndike and Guthrie claimed that instrumental learning involves S-R associations. 
C)  Tolman and Thorndike claimed that reward reduces interference from competing behaviors because it changes the situation. 
D)  According to Hull, behavior is intended to reducing drive, regardless of learning. 
A)  Guthrie and Tolman claimed that instrumental learning results from contiguity of behavior and outcomes. 
B)  Thorndike and Guthrie claimed that instrumental learning involves S-R associations. 
C)  Tolman and Thorndike claimed that reward reduces interference from competing behaviors because it changes the situation. 
D)  According to Hull, behavior is intended to reducing drive, regardless of learning.

Question 12

From the perspective of Thorndike, why would a student continue to attend the lectures in a course in which the student is doing poorly?

Accepted Answer

From Thorndike's perspective, reinforcem

Question 13

Which scenario illustrates the fading procedure?

Accepted Answer

A)  The subject receives a reinforcer every time it makes the correct response until the behavior is learned, and then reinforcers are programmed to gradually occur less frequently. 
B)  The researcher gradually increases the accuracy and precision-of-execution requirements of the response, but keeps delivering the same reward to the subject. 
C)  The trainer first trains the dog to perform a "down-stay" and then gradually increases the amount of time the dog must remain in the down position, regardless of distractions. 
D)  The trainer first trains the dog to sit using a verbal command. Once this is learned, the trainer gradually gives the "sit" command less loudly while simultaneously increasing hand movements to signal "sit." 
A)  The subject receives a reinforcer every time it makes the correct response until the behavior is learned, and then reinforcers are programmed to gradually occur less frequently. 
B)  The researcher gradually increases the accuracy and precision-of-execution requirements of the response, but keeps delivering the same reward to the subject. 
C)  The trainer first trains the dog to perform a "down-stay" and then gradually increases the amount of time the dog must remain in the down position, regardless of distractions. 
D)  The trainer first trains the dog to sit using a verbal command. Once this is learned, the trainer gradually gives the "sit" command less loudly while simultaneously increasing hand movements to signal "sit."

Question 14

In order to get a reward, a rat must first walk across a seesaw to get a rope, pull on a rope to ring a bell which accompanies the opening of a tunnel, walk through the tunnel, and finally climb over a wall to obtain food on the other side. In this scenario, walking through the tunnel serves as the _______ for ringing the bell, and it serves as the _______ for climbing over the wall.

Accepted Answer

A)  conditioned reinforcer; primary reinforcer 
B)  primary reinforcer; conditioned reinforcer 
C)  conditioned reinforcer; SD 
D)  occasion setter; conditioned reinforcer 
A)  conditioned reinforcer; primary reinforcer 
B)  primary reinforcer; conditioned reinforcer 
C)  conditioned reinforcer; SD 
D)  occasion setter; conditioned reinforcer

Question 15

Premack's principle asserts that

Accepted Answer

A)  primary reinforcers and conditioned reinforcers are equally effective in modifying behavior. 
B)  reducing the level of drive increases the reinforcement value of an outcome. 
C)  performing one behavior can be used to reinforce or punish another behavior. 
D)  self-control is more likely when small or conditioned reinforcers are used in a training procedure. 
A)  primary reinforcers and conditioned reinforcers are equally effective in modifying behavior. 
B)  reducing the level of drive increases the reinforcement value of an outcome. 
C)  performing one behavior can be used to reinforce or punish another behavior. 
D)  self-control is more likely when small or conditioned reinforcers are used in a training procedure.

Question 16

In learning terms, events like food, oxygen, water, and sex are characterized as

Accepted Answer

A)  SF1F1F1S1F1F1F10.  
B)  SD. 
C)  conditioned reinforcers. 
D)  primary reinforcers. 
A)  SF1F1F1S1F1F1F10.  
B)  SD. 
C)  conditioned reinforcers. 
D)  primary reinforcers.

Question 17

Impulsiveness decreases when

Accepted Answer

A)  the time to the larger reward increases. 
B)  the size of the smaller reward increases. 
C)  the time to the smaller reward increases. 
D)  the availability of a reward decreases. 
A)  the time to the larger reward increases. 
B)  the size of the smaller reward increases. 
C)  the time to the smaller reward increases. 
D)  the availability of a reward decreases.

Question 18

A rat must press a lever for a variety of food options and access to water. When the schedule requirements for food options and water are varied, lever-pressing for food options varies as the schedule changes, but water consumption is not affected by the food schedule. In this scenario, water would be classified as a(n) _______ commodity.

Accepted Answer

A)  complement 
B)  independent 
C)  substitute 
D)  alternative 
A)  complement 
B)  independent 
C)  substitute 
D)  alternative

Question 19

Which term does not belong with the others?

Accepted Answer

A)  SF1F1F1S1F1F1F10 
B)  Intrinsic reinforcer 
C)  Primary reinforcer 
D)  SD 
A)  SF1F1F1S1F1F1F10 
B)  Intrinsic reinforcer 
C)  Primary reinforcer 
D)  SD

Question 20

A rat in a Skinner box spends 50% of its time pressing for sucrose pellets and 50% of its time pressing for food pellets. The rat is then fed all the food it can eat in its home cage. When it returns to the Skinner box it spends 50% of its time pressing for sucrose, only 20% of its time pressing the food-pellet lever, and 30% of the time chewing the bars in the bottom of the cage. This result can be explained by

Accepted Answer

A)  the matching law. 
B)  Hull's theory of drive reduction. 
C)  behavioral economics. 
D)  multiple chained schedules of reinforcement. 
A)  the matching law. 
B)  Hull's theory of drive reduction. 
C)  behavioral economics. 
D)  multiple chained schedules of reinforcement.

Skinner assumed that stimulus control

Identify and explain a behavior chain that leads to a primary reinforcer in your life, including at least three links. Clearly identify the responses (R) and the consequences (C).

Which scenario illustrates a schedule of reinforcement?

Explain the assumptions of the Premack principle, and describe some practices based on Premack's principle that could be used to motivate children in a tutoring program to study and complete their homework.

Explain what researchers mean by the "learning/performance" distinction in instrumental learning and the role of reinforcement in those processes.

Getting an A on a test is an outcome of a _____ schedule.

In a series of studies examining maze learning in animals, Tolman concluded that the animals tended to learn

Despite having been reinforced for correctly manipulating a lock (i.e., opening it successfully), you still have trouble opening it, and you keep trying different strategies. Which statement about this situation is correct?

The matching law assumes that a subject's response rate will be proportional to the

According to the matching law, a person in a relationship will be more likely to cheat when

Which statement is false?

From the perspective of Thorndike, why would a student continue to attend the lectures in a course in which the student is doing poorly?

Which scenario illustrates the fading procedure?

Premack's principle asserts that

In learning terms, events like food, oxygen, water, and sex are characterized as

Impulsiveness decreases when

Which term does not belong with the others?

Learning Theory: What It Is and How It Got This Way

Learning and Adaptation

The Nuts and Bolts of Classical Conditioning

Theories of Conditioning

What Ever Happened to Behavior Anyway

Are the Laws of Conditioning General

How Stimuli Guide Instrumental Action

The Motivation of Instrumental Action

A Synthetic Perspective on Instrumental Action

Filters

Exam 7: Behavior and Its Consequences

Skinner assumed that stimulus control

Identify and explain a behavior chain that leads to a primary reinforcer in your life, including at least three links. Clearly identify the responses (R) and the consequences (C).

Which scenario illustrates a schedule of reinforcement?

Explain the assumptions of the Premack principle, and describe some practices based on Premack's principle that could be used to motivate children in a tutoring program to study and complete their homework.

Explain what researchers mean by the "learning/performance" distinction in instrumental learning and the role of reinforcement in those processes.

Getting an A on a test is an outcome of a _____ schedule.

In a series of studies examining maze learning in animals, Tolman concluded that the animals tended to learn

Despite having been reinforced for correctly manipulating a lock (i.e., opening it successfully), you still have trouble opening it, and you keep trying different strategies. Which statement about this situation is correct?

The matching law assumes that a subject's response rate will be proportional to the

According to the matching law, a person in a relationship will be more likely to cheat when

Which statement is false?

From the perspective of Thorndike, why would a student continue to attend the lectures in a course in which the student is doing poorly?

Which scenario illustrates the fading procedure?

Premack's principle asserts that

In learning terms, events like food, oxygen, water, and sex are characterized as

Impulsiveness decreases when

Which term does not belong with the others?

Learning Theory: What It Is and How It Got This Way

Learning and Adaptation

The Nuts and Bolts of Classical Conditioning

Theories of Conditioning

What Ever Happened to Behavior Anyway

Are the Laws of Conditioning General

How Stimuli Guide Instrumental Action

The Motivation of Instrumental Action

A Synthetic Perspective on Instrumental Action

Filters