Question 1

One definition of epigenetics would be

Accepted Answer

A)  the study of irreversible changes in DNA sequence. 
B)  the study of reversible mechanisms that lead to changes in gene expression that involve changes in DNA sequence. 
C)  the study of irreversible mechanisms that lead to changes in gene expression that do not involve changes in DNA sequence. 
D)  the study of reversible mechanisms that lead to changes in gene expression that do not involve changes in DNA sequence. 
A)  the study of irreversible changes in DNA sequence. 
B)  the study of reversible mechanisms that lead to changes in gene expression that involve changes in DNA sequence. 
C)  the study of irreversible mechanisms that lead to changes in gene expression that do not involve changes in DNA sequence. 
D)  the study of reversible mechanisms that lead to changes in gene expression that do not involve changes in DNA sequence. D

Question 2

The differentially methylated region (DMR)is associated with which of the following?

Accepted Answer

A)  X-chromosome inactivation 
B)  Genomic imprinting 
C)  Polycomb group (PcG) proteins 
D)  mRNA stability 
E)  All of the answers are correct. 
A)  X-chromosome inactivation 
B)  Genomic imprinting 
C)  Polycomb group (PcG) proteins 
D)  mRNA stability 
E)  All of the answers are correct. B

Question 3

One difference between developmental and environmental epigenetic changes is that

Accepted Answer

A)  environmental epigenetic control is the result developmental processes interacting with the environment. 
B)  developmental epigenetic control is a normal process that occurs in all offspring. 
C)  environmental epigenetic control is a normal process that occurs in all offspring. 
D)  the differences between the two lie in the mechanisms that each uses. 
A)  environmental epigenetic control is the result developmental processes interacting with the environment. 
B)  developmental epigenetic control is a normal process that occurs in all offspring. 
C)  environmental epigenetic control is a normal process that occurs in all offspring. 
D)  the differences between the two lie in the mechanisms that each uses. B

Question 4

What genes appear to be controlled by the Xic?

Accepted Answer

A)  Xist and Tsix 
B)  Xist 
C)  TsiX 
D)  Xic 
A)  Xist and Tsix 
B)  Xist 
C)  TsiX 
D)  Xic

Question 5

Nucleosome location may be changed by a process called ATP-dependent chromatin remodeling.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 6

What are some of the steps in eukaryotic transcriptional control?

Accepted Answer

A)  A transcriptional repressor recruits nucleosome remodeling proteins that alter nucelosome positioning, modification, and composition.  This allows for the formation of a closed chromatin complex, and binding of general transcription factors and RNA polymerase II.  Histone cores remain on the gene as transcript elongation occurs. 
B)  A transcriptional repressor recruits general transcription factors and RNA polymerase II without affecting nucleosome positioning. 
C)  A transcriptional activator recruits nucleosome remodeling proteins that alter nucleosome positioning, modification and composition.  This allows for the formation of an open chromatin complex, and binding of general transcription factors and RNA polymerase II.  Finally as transcription elongation occurs, histone cores are evicted from the DNA to allow the RNA polymerase to transcribe the gene. 
D)  A transcriptional activator recruits general transcription factors and RNA polymerase II.  Finally as transcription elongation occurs, histone cores remain with the DNA. 
A)  A transcriptional repressor recruits nucleosome remodeling proteins that alter nucelosome positioning, modification, and composition.  This allows for the formation of a closed chromatin complex, and binding of general transcription factors and RNA polymerase II.  Histone cores remain on the gene as transcript elongation occurs. 
B)  A transcriptional repressor recruits general transcription factors and RNA polymerase II without affecting nucleosome positioning. 
C)  A transcriptional activator recruits nucleosome remodeling proteins that alter nucleosome positioning, modification and composition.  This allows for the formation of an open chromatin complex, and binding of general transcription factors and RNA polymerase II.  Finally as transcription elongation occurs, histone cores are evicted from the DNA to allow the RNA polymerase to transcribe the gene. 
D)  A transcriptional activator recruits general transcription factors and RNA polymerase II.  Finally as transcription elongation occurs, histone cores remain with the DNA.

Question 7

The CpG islands upstream of housekeeping genes are unmethylated.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 8

Regulatory transcription factors may be regulated by

Accepted Answer

A)  phosphorylation. 
B)  binding of carbohydrates. 
C)  lipid modifications. 
D)  sulfation. 
A)  phosphorylation. 
B)  binding of carbohydrates. 
C)  lipid modifications. 
D)  sulfation.

Question 9

Data suggests that the royal jelly fed to bee larvae causes inhibition of DNA methylation.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 10

Combinatorial factors include activators and repressors as well as

Accepted Answer

A)  small effector molecules, proteins that alter the composition of nucleosomes, and DNA methylation. 
B)  small effector molecules, proteins that alter the composition of nucleosomes, DNA methylation, and basal transcription factors. 
C)  small effector molecules, proteins that alter the composition of nucleosomes, but not DNA methylation. 
D)  proteins that alter the composition of nucleosomes and DNA methylation, but not small effector moecules. 
A)  small effector molecules, proteins that alter the composition of nucleosomes, and DNA methylation. 
B)  small effector molecules, proteins that alter the composition of nucleosomes, DNA methylation, and basal transcription factors. 
C)  small effector molecules, proteins that alter the composition of nucleosomes, but not DNA methylation. 
D)  proteins that alter the composition of nucleosomes and DNA methylation, but not small effector moecules.

Question 11

Which of the following are molecular mechanisms used in epigenetic gene regulation?

Accepted Answer

A)  DNA methylation 
B)  Covalent histone modification 
C)  Chromatin remodeling 
D)  All of the answers are correct. 
A)  DNA methylation 
B)  Covalent histone modification 
C)  Chromatin remodeling 
D)  All of the answers are correct.

Question 12

Which of the following is incorrect regarding the glucocorticoid hormones?

Accepted Answer

A)  They interact with receptors located in the plasma membrane of the cell. 
B)  After interacting with the receptor, they release HSP90. 
C)  The receptors form a homodimer that travels to the nucleus. 
D)  The homodimer interacts with GRE, activating transcription. 
A)  They interact with receptors located in the plasma membrane of the cell. 
B)  After interacting with the receptor, they release HSP90. 
C)  The receptors form a homodimer that travels to the nucleus. 
D)  The homodimer interacts with GRE, activating transcription.

Question 13

Select all examples that are associated with expression of a single allele of a gene.

Accepted Answer

A)  X-chromosome inactivation in female mammals 
B)  Genomic imprinting 
C)  Epigenetic modifications during cell differentiation 
D)  Development of queen bees determined by exposure to royal jelly 
A)  X-chromosome inactivation in female mammals 
B)  Genomic imprinting 
C)  Epigenetic modifications during cell differentiation 
D)  Development of queen bees determined by exposure to royal jelly

Question 14

Epigenetic inheritance may occur at which of the following stages?

Accepted Answer

A)  Oogenesis 
B)  Spermatogenesis 
C)  Embryogenesis 
D)  All of the answers are correct. 
A)  Oogenesis 
B)  Spermatogenesis 
C)  Embryogenesis 
D)  All of the answers are correct.

Question 15

Expression of ________ would inhibit X-chromosome inactivation.

Accepted Answer

A)  Xic 
B)  Xist 
C)  Tsix 
D)  All of the answers are correct 
E)  None of the answers are correct 
A)  Xic 
B)  Xist 
C)  Tsix 
D)  All of the answers are correct 
E)  None of the answers are correct

Question 16

Lamarck is remembered for his theory of inheritance which hypothesized that physical characteristics acquired during an individuals lifetime were passed onto their offspring.How does this differ from epigenetic inheritance where the diet of the mother affects coat color of the offspring?

Accepted Answer

A)  There is no difference between Lamarckian theories of inheritance and epigenetic inheritance. 
B)  These epigenetic changes affect a specific allele.  If the allele is not present, then coat color will not be affected by diet. 
C)  The change in coat color occurs in the offspring and not in the mother. 
A)  There is no difference between Lamarckian theories of inheritance and epigenetic inheritance. 
B)  These epigenetic changes affect a specific allele.  If the allele is not present, then coat color will not be affected by diet. 
C)  The change in coat color occurs in the offspring and not in the mother.

Question 17

Feeding a specific diet to female mice may result in an increased proportion of pseudo-agouti offspring if

Accepted Answer

A)  the diet is low in folic acid and vitamin B₁₂. 
B)  the offspring carry the Avy allele. 
C)  the transposon at the Avy locus in the progeny is hypermethylated. 
A)  the diet is low in folic acid and vitamin B₁₂. 
B)  the offspring carry the Avy allele. 
C)  the transposon at the Avy locus in the progeny is hypermethylated.

Question 18

Gene methylation can be detected through the use of restriction endonucleases. Usually these are used in pairs where one enzyme will digest only unmethylated DNA in its recognition sequence while the other is insensitive to methylation. Which of the following statements is correct?

Accepted Answer

A)  The enzyme that is insensitive to methylation serves as a control to make sure the inability of the other enzyme to digest DNA is not due to a mutation. 
B)  These are used in pairs because experiments have to be replicated and this one way of performing a replication of the experiment. 
C)  The experimental design is flawed because there should be a third enzyme that would serve as a positive control 
D)  This experimental design is able to identify the number of methylated C residues in a particular region of DNA. 
A)  The enzyme that is insensitive to methylation serves as a control to make sure the inability of the other enzyme to digest DNA is not due to a mutation. 
B)  These are used in pairs because experiments have to be replicated and this one way of performing a replication of the experiment. 
C)  The experimental design is flawed because there should be a third enzyme that would serve as a positive control 
D)  This experimental design is able to identify the number of methylated C residues in a particular region of DNA.

Question 19

Expression of a gene can be impaired if its promoter is hypermethylated.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 20

What are histone variants?

Accepted Answer

A)  histone proteins that have slightly different amino acid sequences and have specialized functions 
B)  histone proteins that have slightly different amino acid sequences but are found in nucleosomes throughout the chromosomes 
C)  histone proteins that have been modified by acetylation 
D)  histone proteins that have been modified by acetylation and phosphorylation 
A)  histone proteins that have slightly different amino acid sequences and have specialized functions 
B)  histone proteins that have slightly different amino acid sequences but are found in nucleosomes throughout the chromosomes 
C)  histone proteins that have been modified by acetylation 
D)  histone proteins that have been modified by acetylation and phosphorylation

Exam 17: Gene Regulation in Eukaryotes

One definition of epigenetics would be

The differentially methylated region (DMR)is associated with which of the following?

One difference between developmental and environmental epigenetic changes is that

What genes appear to be controlled by the Xic?

Nucleosome location may be changed by a process called ATP-dependent chromatin remodeling.

What are some of the steps in eukaryotic transcriptional control?

The CpG islands upstream of housekeeping genes are unmethylated.

Regulatory transcription factors may be regulated by

Data suggests that the royal jelly fed to bee larvae causes inhibition of DNA methylation.

Combinatorial factors include activators and repressors as well as

Which of the following are molecular mechanisms used in epigenetic gene regulation?

Which of the following is incorrect regarding the glucocorticoid hormones?

Select all examples that are associated with expression of a single allele of a gene.

Epigenetic inheritance may occur at which of the following stages?

Expression of ________ would inhibit X-chromosome inactivation.

Lamarck is remembered for his theory of inheritance which hypothesized that physical characteristics acquired during an individuals lifetime were passed onto their offspring.How does this differ from epigenetic inheritance where the diet of the mother affects coat color of the offspring?

Feeding a specific diet to female mice may result in an increased proportion of pseudo-agouti offspring if

Gene methylation can be detected through the use of restriction endonucleases. Usually these are used in pairs where one enzyme will digest only unmethylated DNA in its recognition sequence while the other is insensitive to methylation. Which of the following statements is correct?

Expression of a gene can be impaired if its promoter is hypermethylated.

What are histone variants?

Overview of Genetics

Reproduction and Chromosome Transmission

Mendelian Inheritance

Sex Determination and Sex Chromosomes

Extensions of Mendelian Inheritance

Extranuclear Inheritance, Imprinting, and Maternal Effect

Genetic Linkage and Mapping in Eukaryotes

Variation in Chromosome Structure and Number

Genetics in Bacteria

Genetics of Viruses

Molecular Structure of DNA and RNA

Molecular Structure of Chromosomes and Transposition

Dna Replication and Recombination

Gene Transcription and RNA Modification

Translation of MRNA

Gene Regulation in Bacteria

Non-Coding Rnas

Gene Mutation and DNA Repair

Molecular Technologies

Genomics

Medical Genetics and Cancer

Population Genetics

Quantitative Genetics

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