Question 1

define the following term:
-Stonehenge

Accepted Answer

Stonehenge is a prehistoric monument located in Wiltshire, England. It is composed of a ring of standing stones, each around 13 feet high, seven feet wide, and weighing around 25 tons. The purpose of Stonehenge is still a topic of debate among archaeologists and historians, but it is believed to have been constructed between 3000 and 2000 BC. Some theories suggest that it was used for religious or ceremonial purposes, while others propose that it served as an astronomical observatory.

The construction of Stonehenge is a remarkable feat, considering the technology available at the time. The transportation and placement of the massive stones would have required a significant amount of labor and organization. The exact methods used to build Stonehenge remain a mystery, adding to its enigmatic allure.

Today, Stonehenge is a UNESCO World Heritage Site and a popular tourist attraction. Visitors can explore the site and learn about its history and significance through the visitor center and museum. The monument continues to fascinate people from around the world and remains an enduring symbol of ancient human achievement.

Question 2

define the following term:
-Neolithic Revolution

Accepted Answer

The Neolithic Revolution was a significant turning point in human history that occurred around 10,000 BCE. It marked the transition from a nomadic, hunter-gatherer lifestyle to a settled, agricultural way of life.

Who? The Neolithic Revolution involved early human societies, particularly those in the Fertile Crescent region of the Middle East.

What? It was a period of significant technological and social advancements, including the development of agriculture, domestication of animals, and the establishment of permanent settlements.

Where? The Neolithic Revolution primarily took place in the Fertile Crescent, but similar transitions to agriculture and settled living occurred independently in other parts of the world, such as China, Mesoamerica, and the Andes.

When? The Neolithic Revolution occurred around 10,000 BCE, marking the end of the Stone Age and the beginning of the agricultural era.

Why Important? The Neolithic Revolution was important because it laid the foundation for modern human civilization. The shift to agriculture allowed for the development of complex societies, the establishment of permanent settlements, and the rise of specialized labor and trade. It also led to population growth, the development of writing and other technologies, and the eventual rise of urban centers and early civilizations.

Question 3

The Code of Hammurabi was one of the first of all ancient legal codes. In what ways was it "modern"? How was it different from modern day Western legal codes? What do you believe constituted "justice" for the inhabitants of Mesopotamian city-states?

Accepted Answer

The Code of Hammurabi, dating back to around 1754 BC, was indeed one of the earliest known legal codes in ancient history. Despite its ancient origins, the Code of Hammurabi displayed several "modern" features. For example, it was one of the first legal codes to establish the principle of "an eye for an eye, a tooth for a tooth," which is a concept of proportional justice that is still recognized in modern legal systems. Additionally, the code included specific laws and punishments for various offenses, providing a level of clarity and consistency that is also characteristic of modern legal codes.

However, the Code of Hammurabi differed from modern Western legal codes in several ways. One notable difference is the lack of equality before the law. The code contained different laws and punishments for individuals based on their social status, with harsher penalties often imposed on lower-class citizens. In contrast, modern legal systems strive for equality and impartiality in the application of the law.

In terms of what constituted "justice" for the inhabitants of Mesopotamian city-states, it is evident that the concept of justice was closely tied to maintaining social order and preserving the authority of the ruling class. The laws in the Code of Hammurabi were designed to uphold the social hierarchy and ensure the stability of the society. Punishments were often severe and aimed at deterring individuals from committing crimes, rather than focusing on rehabilitation or reformation.

Overall, the Code of Hammurabi was "modern" in its establishment of clear laws and principles of justice, but it also reflected the hierarchical and punitive nature of ancient Mesopotamian society, which differed significantly from the principles and values of modern Western legal systems.

Question 4

Some scholars refer to Mesopotamian and Egyptian civilizations as "hydraulic" cultures. Check the definition of "hydraulic," and write an essay justifying the application of this term to these cultures.

Accepted Answer

The term "hydraulic" refers to the use o

Question 5

define the following term:
-Naram-Sin of Akkad

Accepted Answer

Naram-Sin of Akkad was a ruler of the Ak

Question 6

According to Egyptian theology, the pharaoh derived his authority from

Accepted Answer

A) democratic elections. 
B) the assent of local governors. 
C) the fact that he was perceived as a divine instrument of order and harmony. 
D) hereditary descent. 
E) military conquest. 
A) democratic elections. 
B) the assent of local governors. 
C) the fact that he was perceived as a divine instrument of order and harmony. 
D) hereditary descent. 
E) military conquest.

Question 7

Growing appreciation of astronomy among European peoples after 4000 B.C.E. is best seen in

Accepted Answer

A) cuneiform star charts. 
B) wall paintings of galaxies. 
C) megalithic observatories. 
D) epic poems about the cosmos. 
E) use of the astrolabe. 
A) cuneiform star charts. 
B) wall paintings of galaxies. 
C) megalithic observatories. 
D) epic poems about the cosmos. 
E) use of the astrolabe.

Question 8

define the following term:
-Upper and Lower Egypt

Accepted Answer

Upper and Lower Egypt refer to the two r

Question 9

The Sumerians

Accepted Answer

A) defeated the Hittites in 2600 B.C.E. 
B) were plagued by incessant warfare between their many city-states. 
C) had a complicated religion with a sophisticated belief in life after death. 
D) were warriors who instituted totalitarian government. 
E) built damns and irrigation canals along the Indus River. 
A) defeated the Hittites in 2600 B.C.E. 
B) were plagued by incessant warfare between their many city-states. 
C) had a complicated religion with a sophisticated belief in life after death. 
D) were warriors who instituted totalitarian government. 
E) built damns and irrigation canals along the Indus River.

Question 10

The original Indo-Europeans possibly came from

Accepted Answer

A) Mesopotamia. 
B) the steppe region north of the Black Sea. 
C) the Indus Valley. 
D) the Aegean basin. 
E) India. 
A) Mesopotamia. 
B) the steppe region north of the Black Sea. 
C) the Indus Valley. 
D) the Aegean basin. 
E) India.

Question 11

One of the few female pharaohs was

Accepted Answer

A) Ramses. 
B) Hatshepsut. 
C) Menes. 
D) Amenhotep. 
E) Isis. 
A) Ramses. 
B) Hatshepsut. 
C) Menes. 
D) Amenhotep. 
E) Isis.

Question 12

In the first century B.C.E., Egypt became a province of

Accepted Answer

A) Rome. 
B) Persia. 
C) Babylonia. 
D) Mohenjo-Daro. 
E) Greece. 
A) Rome. 
B) Persia. 
C) Babylonia. 
D) Mohenjo-Daro. 
E) Greece.

Question 13

Discuss the possible reasons why early Mesopotamia saw so many different civilizations and empires, from the Sumerians to the Akkadians and the Babylonians, while civilization in the Nile Valley remained essentially unchanged for three millennium.

Accepted Answer

There are several possible reasons why e

Question 14

define the following term:
-Agricultural Revolution

Accepted Answer

The answer of define the following term:
-Agricultural Revolution...

Question 15

define the following term:
-Sargon of Akkad

Accepted Answer

Sargon of Akkad, also known as Sargon th

Question 16

Mesopotamia means the land "between the ____"

Accepted Answer

A) valleys. 
B) mountains. 
C) rivers. 
D) deserts. 
E) plains. 
A) valleys. 
B) mountains. 
C) rivers. 
D) deserts. 
E) plains.

Question 17

Sumerian kings derived their authority from

Accepted Answer

A) the will of the people. 
B) the parliamentary councils of the city-states. 
C) success in athletic tournaments. 
D) the gods. 
E) their military victories over the "barbarians". 
A) the will of the people. 
B) the parliamentary councils of the city-states. 
C) success in athletic tournaments. 
D) the gods. 
E) their military victories over the "barbarians".

Question 18

A number of Sumerian agricultural and craft terms are not Sumerian in origin, indicating that the Sumerians were not the first peoples in ancient Mesopotamia.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 19

Hominids existed as long as 3 to 4 million years ago in

Accepted Answer

A) Europe 
B) Asia 
C) Africa 
D) South America 
E) North America 
A) Europe 
B) Asia 
C) Africa 
D) South America 
E) North America

Question 20

The term Ma'at expresses the Egyptian belief in

Accepted Answer

A) the inevitability of human suffering and sorrow. 
B) steady progress toward a better future. 
C) the redemption promised to those who believe in the gods. 
D) truth, justice, and order in the universe. 
E) unremitting chaos. 
A) the inevitability of human suffering and sorrow. 
B) steady progress toward a better future. 
C) the redemption promised to those who believe in the gods. 
D) truth, justice, and order in the universe. 
E) unremitting chaos.

Exam 1: The Ancient Near East: the First Civilizations

define the following term: -Stonehenge

define the following term: -Neolithic Revolution

The Code of Hammurabi was one of the first of all ancient legal codes. In what ways was it "modern"? How was it different from modern day Western legal codes? What do you believe constituted "justice" for the inhabitants of Mesopotamian city-states?

Some scholars refer to Mesopotamian and Egyptian civilizations as "hydraulic" cultures. Check the definition of "hydraulic," and write an essay justifying the application of this term to these cultures.

define the following term: -Naram-Sin of Akkad

According to Egyptian theology, the pharaoh derived his authority from

Growing appreciation of astronomy among European peoples after 4000 B.C.E. is best seen in

define the following term: -Upper and Lower Egypt

The Sumerians

The original Indo-Europeans possibly came from

One of the few female pharaohs was

In the first century B.C.E., Egypt became a province of

Discuss the possible reasons why early Mesopotamia saw so many different civilizations and empires, from the Sumerians to the Akkadians and the Babylonians, while civilization in the Nile Valley remained essentially unchanged for three millennium.

define the following term: -Agricultural Revolution

define the following term: -Sargon of Akkad

Mesopotamia means the land "between the ____"

Sumerian kings derived their authority from

A number of Sumerian agricultural and craft terms are not Sumerian in origin, indicating that the Sumerians were not the first peoples in ancient Mesopotamia.

Hominids existed as long as 3 to 4 million years ago in

The term Ma'at expresses the Egyptian belief in

The Ancient Near East: Peoples and Empires

The Civilization of the Greeks

The Hellenistic World

The Roman Republic

The Roman Empire

Late Antiquity and the Emergence of the Medieval World

European Civilization in the Early Middle Ages, 750-1000

The Recovery and Growth of European Society in the High Middle Ages

The Rise of Kingdoms and the Growth of Church Power

The Later Middle Ages: Crisis and Disintegration in the Fourteenth Century

Recovery and Rebirth: the Age of the Renaissance

Reformation and Religious Warfare in the Sixteenth Century

Europe and the World: New Encounters, 1500-1800

State Building and the Search for Order in the Seventeenth Century

Toward a New Heaven and a New Earth: the Scientific Revolution and the Emergence of Modern Science

The Eighteenth Century: an Age of Enlightenment

The Eighteenth Century: European States, International Wars, and Social Change

A Revolution in Politics: the Era of the French Revolution and Napoleon

The Industrial Revolution and Its Impact on European Society

Reaction, Revolution, and Romanticism, 1815-1850

An Age of Nationalism and Realism, 1850-1871

Mass Society in an Age of Progress, 1871-1894

An Age of Modernity, Anxiety, and Imperialism, 1894-1914

The Beginning of the Twentieth-Century Crisis: War and Revolution

The Futile Search for Stability: Europe Between the Wars, 1919-1939

The Deepening of the European Crisis: World War Ii

Cold War and a New Western World, 1945-1965

Protest and Stagnation: the Western World, 1965-1985

After the Fall: the Western World in a Global Age Since 1985

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