Question 1

Which of the following statements are true?

Accepted Answer

A) HIPAA regulations were formulated to address ethical treatment of research participants. 
B) If electronic medical records had not been invented, HIPAA would not have been necessary. 
C) Data held by health insurance companies sparked the emergence of HIPAa. 
D) Ethics and HIPAA regulations overlap in the area of justice. 
E) Ethics and HIPAA regulations overlap in the area of anonymity. 
A) HIPAA regulations were formulated to address ethical treatment of research participants. 
B) If electronic medical records had not been invented, HIPAA would not have been necessary. 
C) Data held by health insurance companies sparked the emergence of HIPAa. 
D) Ethics and HIPAA regulations overlap in the area of justice. 
E) Ethics and HIPAA regulations overlap in the area of anonymity.

Question 2

The Tuskegee study was ethically objectionable because informed consent was flawed, an available treatment was not provided, and deception was practiced. If informed consent had been properly administered and research participants informed of the availability of penicillin when it became available, why would this still represent an ethically objectionable study?

Accepted Answer

A) The researcher has an obligation to actively do good for the research participants; merely informing them of the availability of penicillin would not have been sufficient to meet this obligation. 
B) The research took place in one state of the Union and so had limited generalizability. 
C) Some of the research participants were illiterate and could not provide consent. 
D) There was no need for the study to be performed, in the first place, since enough was known about syphilis at the time. 
E) Since black men in Alabama were in an inferior social position, they constituted an underrepresented and potentially vulnerable population; every effort should have been made to include participants from other ethnic groups. 
A) The researcher has an obligation to actively do good for the research participants; merely informing them of the availability of penicillin would not have been sufficient to meet this obligation. 
B) The research took place in one state of the Union and so had limited generalizability. 
C) Some of the research participants were illiterate and could not provide consent. 
D) There was no need for the study to be performed, in the first place, since enough was known about syphilis at the time. 
E) Since black men in Alabama were in an inferior social position, they constituted an underrepresented and potentially vulnerable population; every effort should have been made to include participants from other ethnic groups.

Question 3

An improvement in research ethics could prevent some or all of which of the following?

Accepted Answer

A) Breaches of anonymity 
B) Researchers' failures to report their funding sources in publications 
C) Minimal risk to research participants 
D) Unauthorized data collection 
E) Patients' inability to understand complex research designs 
A) Breaches of anonymity 
B) Researchers' failures to report their funding sources in publications 
C) Minimal risk to research participants 
D) Unauthorized data collection 
E) Patients' inability to understand complex research designs

Question 4

A patient in a research study will receive either the customary medication to treat the patient's metastatic colon cancer or a new medication that has shown better results in animal studies and in one small study with humans. This is what kind of research?

Accepted Answer

A) Coercive research 
B) Correlational research 
C) Therapeutic research 
D) Dangerous research 
A) Coercive research 
B) Correlational research 
C) Therapeutic research 
D) Dangerous research

Question 5

What specific area of ethics does the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) address?

Accepted Answer

A) Privacy 
B) Justice 
C) Coercion to participate in a research study 
D) Informed consent 
A) Privacy 
B) Justice 
C) Coercion to participate in a research study 
D) Informed consent

Question 6

In a study of outpatients experiencing panic attacks, a researcher was working in a busy clinic waiting room and left his computer unattended while consenting a new study participant. A transcription of a patient interview was displayed, and at the end of the transcription were the patient's medical record number and a list of medications currently taken. The researcher had not closed down the screen and when he returned to the room, he found an adult patient playing a video game on the computer. This best describes an example of a violation of which human right?

Accepted Answer

A) Protection from the harm of exposure 
B) Security 
C) Confidentiality 
D) Privacy 
A) Protection from the harm of exposure 
B) Security 
C) Confidentiality 
D) Privacy

Question 7

An Institutional Review Board (IRB) assures that (1) the rights and welfare of the individuals involved are protected, (2) appropriate methods are used to secure informed consent, and (3) potential benefits of the investigation are greater than the risks. Which is an example of how the IRB determines the level of potential risk?

Accepted Answer

A) It requires the researcher to provide a list of potential benefits to the clients and the results of a pilot study verifying this. 
B) It compels the researcher to disclose the researcher's consenting process. 
C) It provides for a supervisor from IRB to be present for all data collection. 
D) It reviews the researcher's description of the study's potential risks and compares them with everyday risk. 
A) It requires the researcher to provide a list of potential benefits to the clients and the results of a pilot study verifying this. 
B) It compels the researcher to disclose the researcher's consenting process. 
C) It provides for a supervisor from IRB to be present for all data collection. 
D) It reviews the researcher's description of the study's potential risks and compares them with everyday risk.

Question 8

A researcher who is also a university professor is performing a multi-site study, in which on-site interviews are conducted with nurses in five hospitals in a major city. Each hospital has an Institutional Review Board (IRB). From how many institutional review boards or committees must the researcher obtain permission to conduct the study?

Accepted Answer

A) Six-each of the five hospitals, and the university 
B) One-only the university 
C) Five-only the hospitals 
D) None-educational research is exempt from review 
A) Six-each of the five hospitals, and the university 
B) One-only the university 
C) Five-only the hospitals 
D) None-educational research is exempt from review

Question 9

A master's student knows next to nothing about Maslow's theory related to hierarchy of needs but, on an advisor's recommendation, decides to use it as a theoretical framework for the student's thesis. The student goes online and finds a Wikipedia page, copying the description of Maslow's theory verbatim, putting a citation at the end of the paragraph, but not using quotation marks. What word best describes this master's student's actions?

Accepted Answer

A) Beneficence 
B) Fabrication 
C) Falsification 
D) Plagiarism 
A) Beneficence 
B) Fabrication 
C) Falsification 
D) Plagiarism

Question 10

Thuy is a nurse researcher. She completes her paperwork for the Institutional Review Board (IRB). Her application for approval is returned to her, with comments as to how it should be revised and resubmitted. Which of the following comments are within the scope of the IRB?

Accepted Answer

A) "You have failed to provide a copy of your survey. Please do so." 
B) "Your study protocol does not provide information on potential risks to anonymity. Please indicate this in 
C) “Because of inexperience in this area, the IRB invites you to meet with us as one of the reviewers of this protocol.” 
D) “We can only provide provisional approval of your study.” 
E) “You have not included information about the risk-to-benefit ratio of this research. Please do so.” 
A) "You have failed to provide a copy of your survey. Please do so." 
B) "Your study protocol does not provide information on potential risks to anonymity. Please indicate this in 
C) “Because of inexperience in this area, the IRB invites you to meet with us as one of the reviewers of this protocol.” 
D) “We can only provide provisional approval of your study.” 
E) “You have not included information about the risk-to-benefit ratio of this research. Please do so.”

Question 11

From an ethical point of view, what is the point of determining that a potential research participant is incompetent?

Accepted Answer

A) An incompetent participant must receive more extensive explanation before consenting to participate in research.b.According to HIPAA, a different level of records security must ensue. 
C) Inclusion of the participant necessitates a different consenting process. 
D) The researcher has a responsibility to exclude all incompetent persons from research participation. 
A) An incompetent participant must receive more extensive explanation before consenting to participate in research.b.According to HIPAA, a different level of records security must ensue. 
C) Inclusion of the participant necessitates a different consenting process. 
D) The researcher has a responsibility to exclude all incompetent persons from research participation.

Question 12

A research study offers elderly men, who have in the past been prison inmates, $1,500 for participation in an all-day workshop at which they agree to be hypnotized and tell stories of incarceration, which later are published. The research participants are allowed to listen to the tapes of what the men said under hypnosis and to withdraw permission to use any part of the information. Why is this scenario a violation of self-determination?

Accepted Answer

A) Allowing participants to withdraw permission to use part of the research information violates the study integrity and represents deception. 
B) It is an example of coercion. 
C) Prisoners are a vulnerable population and should not be used as research participants. 
D) What is said under hypnosis may not be true. 
A) Allowing participants to withdraw permission to use part of the research information violates the study integrity and represents deception. 
B) It is an example of coercion. 
C) Prisoners are a vulnerable population and should not be used as research participants. 
D) What is said under hypnosis may not be true.

Question 13

Why are research ethics essential?

Accepted Answer

A) Research participants must be protected from accidental disclosure of information. 
B) Institutional Review Boards exist to protect patient rights. 
C) Researcher misconduct may result in dissemination of potentially harmful results. 
D) Results published in professional journals represent a clear violation of privacy. 
E) Research participants must be protected from deliberate violation of their rights. 
A) Research participants must be protected from accidental disclosure of information. 
B) Institutional Review Boards exist to protect patient rights. 
C) Researcher misconduct may result in dissemination of potentially harmful results. 
D) Results published in professional journals represent a clear violation of privacy. 
E) Research participants must be protected from deliberate violation of their rights.

Question 14

A researcher receives permission to use the information in a hospital data set, without patient identifiers. What level of participant consent is required?

Accepted Answer

A) Partial: the participants must all be notified that their data are being reused. 
B) None. 
C) Partial: the participants must all be notified if the results are published. 
D) Full: all participants must be contacted and must agree to have their data used. 
A) Partial: the participants must all be notified that their data are being reused. 
B) None. 
C) Partial: the participants must all be notified if the results are published. 
D) Full: all participants must be contacted and must agree to have their data used.

Question 15

A researcher is applying for a grant renewal, on the topic of a promising new treatment for liver cancer. The researcher's group has used the treatment for 13 participants. The results, 9 responded and 4 did not, are not statistically significant. However, if the researcher entered each patient as three different people and reported the results as 27 responded and 12 did not, the results would be statistically significant. If the researcher chose to do this, what would it represent?

Accepted Answer

A) Beneficence 
B) Fabrication 
C) Falsification 
D) Plagiarism 
A) Beneficence 
B) Fabrication 
C) Falsification 
D) Plagiarism

Question 16

The right an individual has to receive treatment even if that individual decides not to participate in the research best defines which human right?

Accepted Answer

A) Beneficence 
B) Justice 
C) Privacy 
D) Respect 
A) Beneficence 
B) Justice 
C) Privacy 
D) Respect

Question 17

In order for consent to be voluntary, which must occur?

Accepted Answer

A) The participant must sign a consent form. 
B) The participant cannot be mentally incompetent. 
C) The participant cannot be shamed, forced, or cajoled into participation. 
D) The participant will not be paid (remunerated) because this would be coercive. 
E) The researcher must confirm that the person signing the consent form truly understands what the research will involve. 
A) The participant must sign a consent form. 
B) The participant cannot be mentally incompetent. 
C) The participant cannot be shamed, forced, or cajoled into participation. 
D) The participant will not be paid (remunerated) because this would be coercive. 
E) The researcher must confirm that the person signing the consent form truly understands what the research will involve.

Which of the following statements are true?

An improvement in research ethics could prevent some or all of which of the following?

A patient in a research study will receive either the customary medication to treat the patient's metastatic colon cancer or a new medication that has shown better results in animal studies and in one small study with humans. This is what kind of research?

What specific area of ethics does the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) address?

Thuy is a nurse researcher. She completes her paperwork for the Institutional Review Board (IRB). Her application for approval is returned to her, with comments as to how it should be revised and resubmitted. Which of the following comments are within the scope of the IRB?

From an ethical point of view, what is the point of determining that a potential research participant is incompetent?

Why are research ethics essential?

A researcher receives permission to use the information in a hospital data set, without patient identifiers. What level of participant consent is required?

The right an individual has to receive treatment even if that individual decides not to participate in the research best defines which human right?

In order for consent to be voluntary, which must occur?

Discovering the World of Nursing Research

Evolution of Research in Building Evidence-Based Nursing Practice

Introduction to Quantitative Research

Introduction to Qualitative Research

Research Problem and Purpose

Objectives, Questions, Hypotheses, and Study Variables

Review of Relevant Literature

Frameworks

Quantitative Methodology: Noninterventional Designs and Methods

Quantitative Methodology: Interventional Designs and Methods

Qualitative Research Methods

Outcomes Research

Mixed Methods Research

Sampling

Quantitative Measurement Concepts

Measurement Methods Used in Developing Evidence-Based Practice

Critical Appraisal of Nursing Studies

Evidence Synthesis and Strategies for Implementing Evidence-Based Practice

Collecting and Managing Data

Introduction to Statistical Analysis

Using Statistics to Describe Variables

Using Statistics to Examine Relationships

Using Statistics to Predict

Using Statistics to Determine Differences

Interpreting Research Outcomes

Disseminating Research Findings

Writing Research Proposals

Seeking Funding for Research

Filters

Exam 9: Ethics in Research

Which of the following statements are true?

An improvement in research ethics could prevent some or all of which of the following?

A patient in a research study will receive either the customary medication to treat the patient's metastatic colon cancer or a new medication that has shown better results in animal studies and in one small study with humans. This is what kind of research?

What specific area of ethics does the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) address?

Thuy is a nurse researcher. She completes her paperwork for the Institutional Review Board (IRB). Her application for approval is returned to her, with comments as to how it should be revised and resubmitted. Which of the following comments are within the scope of the IRB?

From an ethical point of view, what is the point of determining that a potential research participant is incompetent?

Why are research ethics essential?

A researcher receives permission to use the information in a hospital data set, without patient identifiers. What level of participant consent is required?

The right an individual has to receive treatment even if that individual decides not to participate in the research best defines which human right?

In order for consent to be voluntary, which must occur?

Discovering the World of Nursing Research

Evolution of Research in Building Evidence-Based Nursing Practice

Introduction to Quantitative Research

Introduction to Qualitative Research

Research Problem and Purpose

Objectives, Questions, Hypotheses, and Study Variables

Review of Relevant Literature

Frameworks

Quantitative Methodology: Noninterventional Designs and Methods

Quantitative Methodology: Interventional Designs and Methods

Qualitative Research Methods

Outcomes Research

Mixed Methods Research

Sampling

Quantitative Measurement Concepts

Measurement Methods Used in Developing Evidence-Based Practice

Critical Appraisal of Nursing Studies

Evidence Synthesis and Strategies for Implementing Evidence-Based Practice

Collecting and Managing Data

Introduction to Statistical Analysis

Using Statistics to Describe Variables

Using Statistics to Examine Relationships

Using Statistics to Predict

Using Statistics to Determine Differences

Interpreting Research Outcomes

Disseminating Research Findings

Writing Research Proposals

Seeking Funding for Research

Filters