Question 1

In this illustration of a negatively skewed curve, identify which line represents the mode.

Accepted Answer

A) A 
B) B 
C) C 
A) A 
B) B 
C) C C

Question 2

Why can Type I error and Type II error not be both present for one given hypothesis?

Accepted Answer

A) Power analysis makes one type of error less likely. 
B) One refers to rejecting the null hypothesis when it is true and the other to accepting it when it is false. 
C) As beta rises, alpha falls. 
D) The researcher sets both the alpha level and the beta level. 
E) Qualitative research does not use power analysis. 
A) Power analysis makes one type of error less likely. 
B) One refers to rejecting the null hypothesis when it is true and the other to accepting it when it is false. 
C) As beta rises, alpha falls. 
D) The researcher sets both the alpha level and the beta level. 
E) Qualitative research does not use power analysis. B, C

Question 3

A researcher conducts a statistical test that reveals that the four groups analyzed differed. The researcher wants to discover which one or ones of the four differed from the others. The researcher must then perform a post hoc analysis. What will this involve?

Accepted Answer

A) Design of a second research study, using a new sample 
B) Descriptive statistics about the sample demographics 
C) Qualitative research generating new themes and ideas 
D) A second statistical test using the original data 
A) Design of a second research study, using a new sample 
B) Descriptive statistics about the sample demographics 
C) Qualitative research generating new themes and ideas 
D) A second statistical test using the original data D

Question 4

If beta, $\beta$, is the probability of making a Type II error, what is 1 minus $\alpha$?

Accepted Answer

A) Alpha [$\alpha$] 
B) A relationship exists 
C) The power of the study 
D) The likelihood that the null hypothesis is incorrect 
E) The probability of not making a Type II error 
A) Alpha [$\alpha$] 
B) A relationship exists 
C) The power of the study 
D) The likelihood that the null hypothesis is incorrect 
E) The probability of not making a Type II error

Question 5

In statistical hypothesis testing, which of the following occur before the data are collected?

Accepted Answer

A) The beta (Type II error) is set. 
B) A power analysis is conducted. 
C) The null hypothesis is accepted or rejected. 
D) The alpha (Type I error) is set. 
E) The primary null hypothesis is stated. 
A) The beta (Type II error) is set. 
B) A power analysis is conducted. 
C) The null hypothesis is accepted or rejected. 
D) The alpha (Type I error) is set. 
E) The primary null hypothesis is stated.

Question 6

Findings can be statistically significant but clinically not significant. Which of the following studies with statistically significant findings exemplify this?

Accepted Answer

A) Seventy-five seconds of UV light daily can completely reverse the symptoms of allergic dermatitis. 
B) Eating a cup of salad greens daily increases one's life expectancy by 2 years. 
C) Petting a cat for 5 minutes daily increases one's endorphin levels. 
D) Exercise Program Delta causes weight loss of 6.3 pounds per year in morbidly obese women. 
E) Talking to a crying baby calms the baby more than ignoring it; picking up the baby calms it more than talking to it.
F)Medication R15B, taken daily from age 13, completely controls cystic acne by age 23. 
A) Seventy-five seconds of UV light daily can completely reverse the symptoms of allergic dermatitis. 
B) Eating a cup of salad greens daily increases one's life expectancy by 2 years. 
C) Petting a cat for 5 minutes daily increases one's endorphin levels. 
D) Exercise Program Delta causes weight loss of 6.3 pounds per year in morbidly obese women. 
E) Talking to a crying baby calms the baby more than ignoring it; picking up the baby calms it more than talking to it.
F)Medication R15B, taken daily from age 13, completely controls cystic acne by age 23.

Question 7

A measured value is within two standard deviations of the mean but not within one standard deviation, and it is greater than the mean. The distribution is very close to a normal distribution. What does this signify?

Accepted Answer

A) This particular value is not an outlier. 
B) In the data set, almost 2/3 of the values are closer to the mean than this one is. 
C) The data point falls within the majority of the measured values, in terms of its closeness to the mean. 
D) In the data set, at least 4% of the values are further from the mean than this particular value is. 
E) In this data set, between 65% and 95% of the values are smaller in value than this one is. 
A) This particular value is not an outlier. 
B) In the data set, almost 2/3 of the values are closer to the mean than this one is. 
C) The data point falls within the majority of the measured values, in terms of its closeness to the mean. 
D) In the data set, at least 4% of the values are further from the mean than this particular value is. 
E) In this data set, between 65% and 95% of the values are smaller in value than this one is.

Question 8

A researcher who has conducted experimental research finds that in the researcher's 145-person hospital study, the patients who are ambulated on the evening of abdominal surgery are less likely than the control group to develop postoperative pneumonia. What does the researcher infer?

Accepted Answer

A) The control group resembled the experimental group in all important characteristics. 
B) Early ambulation and pneumonia are strongly related. 
C) Evening-of-surgery ambulation will prevent some cases of postoperative pneumonia in abdominal surgery patients. 
D) Careful support of the abdomen is important for postoperative ambulation in patients who have had abdominal surgery. 
A) The control group resembled the experimental group in all important characteristics. 
B) Early ambulation and pneumonia are strongly related. 
C) Evening-of-surgery ambulation will prevent some cases of postoperative pneumonia in abdominal surgery patients. 
D) Careful support of the abdomen is important for postoperative ambulation in patients who have had abdominal surgery.

Question 9

A researcher is concerned about the power of a study. The researcher's planned interventional study examines the effect upon depression of instituting twice-yearly trips with the Road Scholar travel program for widows and widowers who have, 1 to 2 years before, lost a spouse to a long illness. What strategies could make Type II error less likely?

Accepted Answer

A) Decreasing the effect size 
B) Increasing the alpha from 0.05 to 0.10 
C) Increasing the beta from 0.20 to 0.30 
D) Decreasing the beta from 0.20 to 0.10 
E) Decreasing the alpha from 0.05 to 0.025
F)Increasing the sample size 
A) Decreasing the effect size 
B) Increasing the alpha from 0.05 to 0.10 
C) Increasing the beta from 0.20 to 0.30 
D) Decreasing the beta from 0.20 to 0.10 
E) Decreasing the alpha from 0.05 to 0.025
F)Increasing the sample size

Question 10

A teacher administers an examination. The examination seemed relatively easy for the students, and the majority of the scores are at the high end of the scale, although several students received low scores. In statistical terms this represents what?

Accepted Answer

A) Positive skew 
B) Negative skew 
C) Asymmetrical distribution 
D) Symmetrical distribution 
E) A normal curve
F)A non-normal curve 
A) Positive skew 
B) Negative skew 
C) Asymmetrical distribution 
D) Symmetrical distribution 
E) A normal curve
F)A non-normal curve

Question 11

Which of the following are true in a skewed distribution?

Accepted Answer

A) Mean, mode, and median are not equal. 
B) The curve is asymmetrical. 
C) There is bimodal distribution. 
D) There is no mode. 
E) More than 50% of the values lie to one side of the mean. 
A) Mean, mode, and median are not equal. 
B) The curve is asymmetrical. 
C) There is bimodal distribution. 
D) There is no mode. 
E) More than 50% of the values lie to one side of the mean.

Question 12

A null hypothesis is stated. The null hypothesis is, "There is no difference between 10 mcg and 20 mcg of vitamin D3, in prevention of osteoporosis." What are the implications of this statement, concerning the null hypothesis and Type I error?

Accepted Answer

A) Rejecting the null hypothesis when it actually is false means that the researcher has made a Type I error in concluding that there is a difference between 10 and 20 mcg of vitamin D3 in preventing osteoporosis. 
B) Making the statement is itself a Type I error. 
C) Whether the null hypothesis is true or not makes no difference, in terms of Type I error. 
D) Whether or not the researcher rejects the null hypothesis makes no difference, in terms of Type I error. 
E) Rejecting the null hypothesis when it actually is false means that the researcher concludes that there is a difference between 10 and 20 mcg of vitamin D3 in preventing osteoporosis, and there is no error.
F)Rejecting the null hypothesis when it actually is true means that there is no difference between 10 and 20 mcg of vitamin D3 in preventing osteoporosis, but the researcher thinks there is, and has made a Type I error. 
A) Rejecting the null hypothesis when it actually is false means that the researcher has made a Type I error in concluding that there is a difference between 10 and 20 mcg of vitamin D3 in preventing osteoporosis. 
B) Making the statement is itself a Type I error. 
C) Whether the null hypothesis is true or not makes no difference, in terms of Type I error. 
D) Whether or not the researcher rejects the null hypothesis makes no difference, in terms of Type I error. 
E) Rejecting the null hypothesis when it actually is false means that the researcher concludes that there is a difference between 10 and 20 mcg of vitamin D3 in preventing osteoporosis, and there is no error.
F)Rejecting the null hypothesis when it actually is true means that there is no difference between 10 and 20 mcg of vitamin D3 in preventing osteoporosis, but the researcher thinks there is, and has made a Type I error.

Question 13

Why might nonparametric statistical methods be used for analysis?

Accepted Answer

A) The level of measurement of the variables is nominal. 
B) The researcher prefers to use these statistical tests. 
C) The null hypothesis is absent. 
D) The sample is small or lacks a normal distribution. 
A) The level of measurement of the variables is nominal. 
B) The researcher prefers to use these statistical tests. 
C) The null hypothesis is absent. 
D) The sample is small or lacks a normal distribution.

Question 14

A researcher reports that the heights of men aged 53 living in Rapid City, South Dakota, is between 5'7" and 6'0" and that the confidence interval is calculated at the p < 0.05 level. What does this mean?

Accepted Answer

A) If the heights of men in Rapid City, South Dakota, do not fall within the confidence interval at least 5% of the time, a Type I error has occurred. 
B) If a 53-yr-old man in Rapid City, South Dakota, is measured, there is a 95% chance that his height will fall in the 5'7" through 6'0" interval. 
C) Ninety-five percent of the 53-year-old men living in Rapid City, South Dakota, are between 5'7" and 6'0". 
D) The heights of the men in the sample were all between 5'7" and 6'0", and the sample was representative of 95% of the men in town. 
A) If the heights of men in Rapid City, South Dakota, do not fall within the confidence interval at least 5% of the time, a Type I error has occurred. 
B) If a 53-yr-old man in Rapid City, South Dakota, is measured, there is a 95% chance that his height will fall in the 5'7" through 6'0" interval. 
C) Ninety-five percent of the 53-year-old men living in Rapid City, South Dakota, are between 5'7" and 6'0". 
D) The heights of the men in the sample were all between 5'7" and 6'0", and the sample was representative of 95% of the men in town.

Question 15

A data set shows that the mean, median, and mode are the same. This means which of the following?

Accepted Answer

A) The distribution is bimodal. 
B) The data are normally distributed. 
C) The variables are dichotomous. 
D) All data points are identical. 
E) The kurtosis is symmetrical.
F)This may describe the normal curve. 
A) The distribution is bimodal. 
B) The data are normally distributed. 
C) The variables are dichotomous. 
D) All data points are identical. 
E) The kurtosis is symmetrical.
F)This may describe the normal curve.

Question 16

Where would one find approximately 95% of the scores in the following example if scores are normally distributed? "Scores ranged from 30 to 68, M = 45, SD = 7."

Accepted Answer

A) Between 37 and 61 
B) Between 38 and 52 
C) Between 31 and 59 
D) Between 30 and 68 
A) Between 37 and 61 
B) Between 38 and 52 
C) Between 31 and 59 
D) Between 30 and 68

Question 17

A researcher designs a study to measure the effect on patient satisfaction of the nurse stating to the patient at least once a day, "You're a good person." The researcher sets the alpha (Type I error) for the study at p < 0.10 because the intervention costs nothing, it needs very little time to enact, and it is harmless. If the alpha is set at 0.10, what is the effect on the beta [$\beta$], and on Type II error?

Accepted Answer

A) Beta [$\beta$] stays the same. 
B) Type II error becomes less likely. 
C) Type II error becomes more likely. 
D) Beta [$\beta$] decreases. 
E) Beta [$\beta$] increases as well.
F)Type II error stays the same. 
A) Beta [$\beta$] stays the same. 
B) Type II error becomes less likely. 
C) Type II error becomes more likely. 
D) Beta [$\beta$] decreases. 
E) Beta [$\beta$] increases as well.
F)Type II error stays the same.

Question 18

There are four data sets:
A: 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 10, 10, 10, 10
B: 2, 2, 2, 2, 4, 8, 8, 8, 9
C: 3, 4, 4, 5, 5, 5, 6, 6, 7
D: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9
What is the mean of the four individual data sets?

Accepted Answer

A) 5, 5, 5, 5 
B) 1, 4, 5, 5 
C) 1, 2, 5, 5 
D) 5 
A) 5, 5, 5, 5 
B) 1, 4, 5, 5 
C) 1, 2, 5, 5 
D) 5

Question 19

There are four data sets:
A: 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 10, 10, 10, 10
B: 2, 2, 2, 2, 4, 8, 8, 8, 9
C: 3, 4, 4, 5, 5, 5, 6, 6, 7
D: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9
What is the median of the four individual data sets?

Accepted Answer

A) 5, 5, 5, 5 
B) 1, 4, 5, 5 
C) 1, 2, 5, 5 
D) 5 
A) 5, 5, 5, 5 
B) 1, 4, 5, 5 
C) 1, 2, 5, 5 
D) 5

Question 20

In the illustration, what is this particular distribution called?

Accepted Answer

A) Bimodal 
B) Normal 
C) Camelesque 
D) Negatively skewed 
A) Bimodal 
B) Normal 
C) Camelesque 
D) Negatively skewed

Exam 21: Introduction to Statistical Analysis

In this illustration of a negatively skewed curve, identify which line represents the mode.

Why can Type I error and Type II error not be both present for one given hypothesis?

A researcher conducts a statistical test that reveals that the four groups analyzed differed. The researcher wants to discover which one or ones of the four differed from the others. The researcher must then perform a post hoc analysis. What will this involve?

If beta, β\betaβ , is the probability of making a Type II error, what is 1 minus α\alphaα ?

In statistical hypothesis testing, which of the following occur before the data are collected?

Findings can be statistically significant but clinically not significant. Which of the following studies with statistically significant findings exemplify this?

A measured value is within two standard deviations of the mean but not within one standard deviation, and it is greater than the mean. The distribution is very close to a normal distribution. What does this signify?

A researcher who has conducted experimental research finds that in the researcher's 145-person hospital study, the patients who are ambulated on the evening of abdominal surgery are less likely than the control group to develop postoperative pneumonia. What does the researcher infer?

A teacher administers an examination. The examination seemed relatively easy for the students, and the majority of the scores are at the high end of the scale, although several students received low scores. In statistical terms this represents what?

Which of the following are true in a skewed distribution?

A null hypothesis is stated. The null hypothesis is, "There is no difference between 10 mcg and 20 mcg of vitamin D3, in prevention of osteoporosis." What are the implications of this statement, concerning the null hypothesis and Type I error?

Why might nonparametric statistical methods be used for analysis?

A researcher reports that the heights of men aged 53 living in Rapid City, South Dakota, is between 5'7" and 6'0" and that the confidence interval is calculated at the p < 0.05 level. What does this mean?

A data set shows that the mean, median, and mode are the same. This means which of the following?

Where would one find approximately 95% of the scores in the following example if scores are normally distributed? "Scores ranged from 30 to 68, M = 45, SD = 7."

There are four data sets: A: 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 10, 10, 10, 10 B: 2, 2, 2, 2, 4, 8, 8, 8, 9 C: 3, 4, 4, 5, 5, 5, 6, 6, 7 D: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 What is the mean of the four individual data sets?

There are four data sets: A: 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 10, 10, 10, 10 B: 2, 2, 2, 2, 4, 8, 8, 8, 9 C: 3, 4, 4, 5, 5, 5, 6, 6, 7 D: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 What is the median of the four individual data sets?

In the illustration, what is this particular distribution called?

Discovering the World of Nursing Research

Evolution of Research in Building Evidence-Based Nursing Practice

Introduction to Quantitative Research

Introduction to Qualitative Research

Research Problem and Purpose

Objectives, Questions, Hypotheses, and Study Variables

Review of Relevant Literature

Frameworks

Ethics in Research

Quantitative Methodology: Noninterventional Designs and Methods

Quantitative Methodology: Interventional Designs and Methods

Qualitative Research Methods

Outcomes Research

Mixed Methods Research

Sampling

Quantitative Measurement Concepts

Measurement Methods Used in Developing Evidence-Based Practice

Critical Appraisal of Nursing Studies

Evidence Synthesis and Strategies for Implementing Evidence-Based Practice

Collecting and Managing Data

Using Statistics to Describe Variables

Using Statistics to Examine Relationships

Using Statistics to Predict

Using Statistics to Determine Differences

Interpreting Research Outcomes

Disseminating Research Findings

Writing Research Proposals

Seeking Funding for Research

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If beta, $\beta$ , is the probability of making a Type II error, what is 1 minus $\alpha$ ?