Question 1

According to Hamilton's rule,

Accepted Answer

A)  natural selection does not favor altruistic behavior that causes the death of the altruist. 
B)  natural selection favors altruistic acts when the resulting benefit to the recipient, corrected for relatedness, exceeds the cost to the altruist. 
C)  natural selection is more likely to favor altruistic behavior that benefits an offspring than altruistic behavior that benefits a sibling. 
D)  the effects of kin selection are larger than the effects of direct natural selection on individuals. 
A)  natural selection does not favor altruistic behavior that causes the death of the altruist. 
B)  natural selection favors altruistic acts when the resulting benefit to the recipient, corrected for relatedness, exceeds the cost to the altruist. 
C)  natural selection is more likely to favor altruistic behavior that benefits an offspring than altruistic behavior that benefits a sibling. 
D)  the effects of kin selection are larger than the effects of direct natural selection on individuals.

Question 2

Which of the following examples reflects the concept of optimal foraging?

Accepted Answer

A)  During foraging, a mule deer will consume food as soon as it finds it, regardless of the location. 
B)  A cheetah will continue a chase for prey, regardless of how long the chase lasts or how much energy is consumed. 
C)  A moose spends more time looking for food when the food is high quality than when the food is low quality. 
D)  If an animal is hungry it will consume food as soon as it is found, regardless of the food quality or the risk. 
A)  During foraging, a mule deer will consume food as soon as it finds it, regardless of the location. 
B)  A cheetah will continue a chase for prey, regardless of how long the chase lasts or how much energy is consumed. 
C)  A moose spends more time looking for food when the food is high quality than when the food is low quality. 
D)  If an animal is hungry it will consume food as soon as it is found, regardless of the food quality or the risk.

Question 3

Listed are several examples of types of animal behavior. Choose the letter of the correct term (A-E) that matches each example in the following questions.
A. operant conditioning
B. classical conditioning
C. innate behavior
D. imprinting
E. altruistic behavior
-Through trial and error, a rat learns to run a maze without mistakes to receive a food reward.

Accepted Answer

A)  A 
B)  B 
C)  C 
D)  D 
A)  A 
B)  B 
C)  C 
D)  D

Question 4

The fru gene in fruit flies ________.
I.is a master regulatory gene that directs expression of many other genes
II.can be genetically manipulated in females so that they will perform male sex behaviors
III.programs males for appropriate courtship behaviors

Accepted Answer

A)  only I and II 
B)  only I and III 
C)  only III 
D)  I, II, III 
A)  only I and II 
B)  only I and III 
C)  only III 
D)  I, II, III

Question 5

A region of the canary forebrain shrinks during the nonbreeding season and enlarges when breeding season begins. This change is probably associated with the annual

Accepted Answer

A)  addition of new syllables to a canary's song repertoire. 
B)  crystallization of subsong into adult songs. 
C)  sensitive period in which canary parents imprint on new offspring. 
D)  elimination of the memorized template for songs sung the previous year. 
A)  addition of new syllables to a canary's song repertoire. 
B)  crystallization of subsong into adult songs. 
C)  sensitive period in which canary parents imprint on new offspring. 
D)  elimination of the memorized template for songs sung the previous year.

Question 6

Which of the following examples describes a behavioral pattern that results from a proximate cause?

Accepted Answer

A)  A cat kills a mouse to obtain nutrition. 
B)  A male sheep fights with another male because it helps to improve its social position. 
C)  A female bird lays its eggs because the amount of daylight is decreasing slightly each day. 
D)  A goose squats and freezes motionless to escape a predator. 
A)  A cat kills a mouse to obtain nutrition. 
B)  A male sheep fights with another male because it helps to improve its social position. 
C)  A female bird lays its eggs because the amount of daylight is decreasing slightly each day. 
D)  A goose squats and freezes motionless to escape a predator.

Question 7

Use the following figures to answer the question.
 
From the figure, what can we determine about the location of the food source?

Accepted Answer

A)  The waggle dance in the top figure indicates that the food is directly under the hive. 
B)  The waggle dance in the bottom figure indicates that the food is to the west of the hive. 
C)  The waggle dance in the top figure indicates that the food is close to the hive. 
D)  The waggle dance in the bottom figure indicates that the food is 90° to the right of the sun. 
A)  The waggle dance in the top figure indicates that the food is directly under the hive. 
B)  The waggle dance in the bottom figure indicates that the food is to the west of the hive. 
C)  The waggle dance in the top figure indicates that the food is close to the hive. 
D)  The waggle dance in the bottom figure indicates that the food is 90° to the right of the sun.

Question 8

A cage containing male mosquitoes has a small earphone placed on top, through which the sound of a female mosquito is played. All the males immediately fly to the earphone and go through all of the steps of copulation. What is the best explanation for this behavior?

Accepted Answer

A)  Copulation is a fixed action pattern, and the female flight sound is a sign stimulus that initiates it. 
B)  The sound from the earphone irritates the male mosquitoes, causing them to attempt to sting it. 
C)  The reproductive drive is so strong that when males are deprived of females, they will attempt to mate with anything that has even the slightest female characteristic. 
D)  Through classical conditioning, the male mosquitoes have associated the inappropriate stimulus from the earphone with the normal response of copulation. 
A)  Copulation is a fixed action pattern, and the female flight sound is a sign stimulus that initiates it. 
B)  The sound from the earphone irritates the male mosquitoes, causing them to attempt to sting it. 
C)  The reproductive drive is so strong that when males are deprived of females, they will attempt to mate with anything that has even the slightest female characteristic. 
D)  Through classical conditioning, the male mosquitoes have associated the inappropriate stimulus from the earphone with the normal response of copulation.

Question 9

A region of the canary forebrain shrinks during the nonbreeding season and enlarges when breeding season begins. This change is probably associated with the annual ________.

Accepted Answer

A)  addition of new syllables to a canary's song repertoire 
B)  crystallization of subsong into adult songs 
C)  renewal of mating and nest-building behaviors 
D)  elimination of the memorized template for songs sung the previous year 
A)  addition of new syllables to a canary's song repertoire 
B)  crystallization of subsong into adult songs 
C)  renewal of mating and nest-building behaviors 
D)  elimination of the memorized template for songs sung the previous year

Question 10

Use the following figure to answer the question.
 
Based only on the information in the figure, which of the following conclusions is most logical?

Accepted Answer

A)  Females produce more eggs more quickly when exposed to breeding males. 
B)  Females produce eggs more quickly when exposed to many males than females paired with a male. 
C)  All non-isolated females do just as well as isolated females. 
D)  After four weeks together, females with males produce mature follicles to the same extent as females without males. 
A)  Females produce more eggs more quickly when exposed to breeding males. 
B)  Females produce eggs more quickly when exposed to many males than females paired with a male. 
C)  All non-isolated females do just as well as isolated females. 
D)  After four weeks together, females with males produce mature follicles to the same extent as females without males.

Question 11

Listed are several examples of types of animal behavior. Choose the letter of the correct term (A-E) that matches each example in the following questions.
A. operant conditioning
B. classical conditioning
C. innate behavior
D. imprinting
E. altruistic behavior
-A mother goat can recognize its own kid by smell.

Accepted Answer

A)  A 
B)  B 
C)  C 
D)  D 
A)  A 
B)  B 
C)  C 
D)  D

Question 12

White-crowned sparrows can only learn the "crystallized" song for their species by ________.

Accepted Answer

A)  listening to adult sparrow songs during a sensitive period as a fledgling, followed by a practice period until the juvenile matches its melody to its memorized fledgling song 
B)  listening to the song of its own species during a critical period so that it will imprint to its own species song and not the songs of other songbird species 
C)  performing the crystallized song as adults when they become sexually mature, as the song is programmed into the innate behavior for the species 
D)  observing and practicing after receiving social confirmation from other adults at a critical period during their first episode of courtship behavior 
A)  listening to adult sparrow songs during a sensitive period as a fledgling, followed by a practice period until the juvenile matches its melody to its memorized fledgling song 
B)  listening to the song of its own species during a critical period so that it will imprint to its own species song and not the songs of other songbird species 
C)  performing the crystallized song as adults when they become sexually mature, as the song is programmed into the innate behavior for the species 
D)  observing and practicing after receiving social confirmation from other adults at a critical period during their first episode of courtship behavior

Question 13

Which of the following best describes "game theory" as it applies to animal behavior?

Accepted Answer

A)  The fitness of a particular behavior is influenced by other behavioral phenotypes in a population. 
B)  The total of all of the behavioral displays, both male and female, is related to courtship. 
C)  The play behavior performed by juveniles allows them to perfect adult behaviors that are needed for survival, such as hunting, courtship, and so on. 
D)  The evolutionary "game" is played between predator and prey. A behavior evolves in the prey in response to the nature of the predatory behavior. 
A)  The fitness of a particular behavior is influenced by other behavioral phenotypes in a population. 
B)  The total of all of the behavioral displays, both male and female, is related to courtship. 
C)  The play behavior performed by juveniles allows them to perfect adult behaviors that are needed for survival, such as hunting, courtship, and so on. 
D)  The evolutionary "game" is played between predator and prey. A behavior evolves in the prey in response to the nature of the predatory behavior.

Question 14

Pair-bonding in a population of prairie voles can be prevented by ________.

Accepted Answer

A)  the ensuing confusion caused by introducing meadow voles 
B)  administering a drug that inhibits the brain receptor for vasopressin in the central nervous system (CNS) of males 
C)  dying the coat color from brown to blond in either male or female prairie voles 
D)  allowing the population size to reach critically low levels 
A)  the ensuing confusion caused by introducing meadow voles 
B)  administering a drug that inhibits the brain receptor for vasopressin in the central nervous system (CNS) of males 
C)  dying the coat color from brown to blond in either male or female prairie voles 
D)  allowing the population size to reach critically low levels

Question 15

A stickleback fish will attack a fish model as long as the model has red coloring. What animal behavior idea is manifested by this observation?

Accepted Answer

A)  sign stimulus 
B)  cognition 
C)  imprinting 
D)  classical conditioning 
A)  sign stimulus 
B)  cognition 
C)  imprinting 
D)  classical conditioning

Question 16

Use the following figures to answer the question.
A.
 
B.
 
C.

If the figure shows the dances of bees in a hive at noon on June 21 in the northern hemisphere (the sun is directly north of the hive), which dance is communicating that the food is to the south of the hive?

Accepted Answer

A)  dance A 
B)  dance B 
C)  dance C 
D)  It is not possible to tell if any of the dances indicate the food is to the south of the hive. 
A)  dance A 
B)  dance B 
C)  dance C 
D)  It is not possible to tell if any of the dances indicate the food is to the south of the hive.

Question 17

Use the following figure to answer the question.
 
Based on the information in the figure, which of the following would you expect to observe in these animals?
I.sexual dimorphism
II.polygamy
III.agonistic behavior

Accepted Answer

A)  only II 
B)  I and II 
C)  I and III 
D)  I, II, and III 
A)  only II 
B)  I and II 
C)  I and III 
D)  I, II, and III

Question 18

Which of the following is true of innate behaviors? Innate behaviors ________.

Accepted Answer

A)  are only weakly influenced by genes 
B)  occur in invertebrates and some vertebrates but not mammals 
C)  are limited to invertebrate animals 
D)  are expressed in most individuals in a population 
A)  are only weakly influenced by genes 
B)  occur in invertebrates and some vertebrates but not mammals 
C)  are limited to invertebrate animals 
D)  are expressed in most individuals in a population

Question 19

How do altruistic behaviors arise through natural selection?

Accepted Answer

A)  By his/her actions, the altruist increases the likelihood that some of its genes will be passed on to the next generation. 
B)  The altruist is appreciated by other members of the population because its survivability has been enhanced by virtue of its risky behavior. 
C)  Animals that perform altruistic acts are allowed by their population to breed more, thereby passing on their behavior genes to future generations. 
D)  Altruistic behaviors lower stress in populations, which increases the survivability of all the members of the population. 
A)  By his/her actions, the altruist increases the likelihood that some of its genes will be passed on to the next generation. 
B)  The altruist is appreciated by other members of the population because its survivability has been enhanced by virtue of its risky behavior. 
C)  Animals that perform altruistic acts are allowed by their population to breed more, thereby passing on their behavior genes to future generations. 
D)  Altruistic behaviors lower stress in populations, which increases the survivability of all the members of the population.

Question 20

Scientists believe that the direction birds go when migrating is guided in part by ________.
I.the stars in the night sky
II.the sun during the day
III.the magnetic field of the Earth

Accepted Answer

A)  only I 
B)  only II 
C)  only III 
D)  I, II, and III 
A)  only I 
B)  only II 
C)  only III 
D)  I, II, and III

Exam 51: Animal Behavior

According to Hamilton's rule,

Which of the following examples reflects the concept of optimal foraging?

The fru gene in fruit flies ________. I.is a master regulatory gene that directs expression of many other genes II.can be genetically manipulated in females so that they will perform male sex behaviors III.programs males for appropriate courtship behaviors

A region of the canary forebrain shrinks during the nonbreeding season and enlarges when breeding season begins. This change is probably associated with the annual

Which of the following examples describes a behavioral pattern that results from a proximate cause?

Use the following figures to answer the question. From the figure, what can we determine about the location of the food source?

A cage containing male mosquitoes has a small earphone placed on top, through which the sound of a female mosquito is played. All the males immediately fly to the earphone and go through all of the steps of copulation. What is the best explanation for this behavior?

A region of the canary forebrain shrinks during the nonbreeding season and enlarges when breeding season begins. This change is probably associated with the annual ________.

Use the following figure to answer the question. Based only on the information in the figure, which of the following conclusions is most logical?

White-crowned sparrows can only learn the "crystallized" song for their species by ________.

Which of the following best describes "game theory" as it applies to animal behavior?

Pair-bonding in a population of prairie voles can be prevented by ________.

A stickleback fish will attack a fish model as long as the model has red coloring. What animal behavior idea is manifested by this observation?

Use the following figures to answer the question. A. B. C. If the figure shows the dances of bees in a hive at noon on June 21 in the northern hemisphere (the sun is directly north of the hive), which dance is communicating that the food is to the south of the hive?

Use the following figure to answer the question. Based on the information in the figure, which of the following would you expect to observe in these animals? I.sexual dimorphism II.polygamy III.agonistic behavior

Which of the following is true of innate behaviors? Innate behaviors ________.

How do altruistic behaviors arise through natural selection?

Scientists believe that the direction birds go when migrating is guided in part by ________. I.the stars in the night sky II.the sun during the day III.the magnetic field of the Earth

Evolution, the Themes of Biology, and Scientific Inquiry

The Chemical Context of Life

Water and Life

Carbon and the Molecular Diversity of Life

The Structure and Function of Large Biological Molecules

A Tour of the Cell

Membrane Structure and Function

An Introduction to Metabolism

Cellular Respiration and Fermentation

Photosynthesis

Cell Communication

The Cell Cycle

Meiosis and Sexual Life Cycles

Mendel and the Gene Idea

The Chromosomal Basis of Inheritance

The Molecular Basis of Inheritance

Gene Expression: From Gene to Protein

Regulation of Gene Expression

Viruses

DNA Tools and Biotechnology

Genomes and Their Evolution

Descent with Modification: A Darwinian View of Life

The Evolution of Populations

The Origin of Species

The History of Life on Earth

Phylogeny and the Tree of Life

Bacteria and Archaea

Protists

Plant Diversity I: How Plants Colonized Land

Plant Diversity II: The Evolution of Seed Plants

Fungi

An Overview of Animal Diversity

An Introduction to Invertebrates

The Origin and Evolution of Vertebrates

Vascular Plant Structure, Growth, and Development

Resource Acquisition and Transport in Vascular Plants

Soil and Plant Nutrition

Angiosperm Reproduction and Biotechnology

Plant Responses to Internal and External Signals

Basic Principles of Animal Form and Function

Animal Nutrition

Circulation and Gas Exchange

The Immune System

Osmoregulation and Excretion

Hormones and the Endocrine System

Animal Reproduction

Animal Development

Neurons, Synapses, and Signaling

Nervous Systems

Sensory and Motor Mechanisms

An Introduction to Ecology and the Biosphere

Population Ecology

Community Ecology

Ecosystems and Restoration Ecology

Conservation Biology and Global Change

Filters