Question 1

Blood is best classified as connective tissue because ________.

Accepted Answer

A)  its cells are separated from each other by an extracellular matrix 
B)  it contains more than one type of cell 
C)  its cells can move from place to place 
D)  it is found within all the organs of the body 
A)  its cells are separated from each other by an extracellular matrix 
B)  it contains more than one type of cell 
C)  its cells can move from place to place 
D)  it is found within all the organs of the body

Question 2

As animals have evolved large body size, they have also evolved adaptations to improve exchange of energy and materials with the environment. For example, in many larger organisms, evolution has favored lungs and a digestive tract with ________.

Accepted Answer

A)  more branching or folds 
B)  increased thickness 
C)  larger cells 
D)  decreased blood supply 
A)  more branching or folds 
B)  increased thickness 
C)  larger cells 
D)  decreased blood supply

Question 3

Use the graph to answer the following question.
 
What can you determine from the graph?

Accepted Answer

A)  A smaller animal would consume less food per gram of tissue. 
B)  An animal with a larger mass has a lower metabolic rate per gram of tissue relative to an animal with smaller mass. 
C)  An elephant uses more energy than a shrew. 
D)  A shrew uses more energy than an elephant. 
A)  A smaller animal would consume less food per gram of tissue. 
B)  An animal with a larger mass has a lower metabolic rate per gram of tissue relative to an animal with smaller mass. 
C)  An elephant uses more energy than a shrew. 
D)  A shrew uses more energy than an elephant.

Question 4

Consider the energy budgets for a human, an elephant, a penguin, a mouse, and a snake. The ________ would have the highest total annual energy expenditure, and the ________ would have the highest energy expenditure per unit mass.

Accepted Answer

A)  elephant; mouse 
B)  elephant; human 
C)  mouse; snake 
D)  penguin; mouse 
A)  elephant; mouse 
B)  elephant; human 
C)  mouse; snake 
D)  penguin; mouse

Question 5

Consider the energy budgets for a human, an elephant, a penguin, a mouse, and a snake. The ________ would have the highest total annual energy expenditure, and the ________ would have the highest energy expenditure per unit mass.

Accepted Answer

A)  elephant; mouse 
B)  elephant; human 
C)  human; penguin 
D)  mouse; snake 
A)  elephant; mouse 
B)  elephant; human 
C)  human; penguin 
D)  mouse; snake

Question 6

The panting responses observed in overheated birds and mammals dissipate excess heat by ________.

Accepted Answer

A)  countercurrent exchange 
B)  acclimation 
C)  vasoconstriction 
D)  evaporation 
A)  countercurrent exchange 
B)  acclimation 
C)  vasoconstriction 
D)  evaporation

Question 7

Which of the following would increase the rate of heat exchange between an animal and its environment?

Accepted Answer

A)  feathers or fur 
B)  vasoconstriction 
C)  wind blowing across the body surface 
D)  countercurrent heat exchanger 
A)  feathers or fur 
B)  vasoconstriction 
C)  wind blowing across the body surface 
D)  countercurrent heat exchanger

Question 8

What is the name of the epithelial cell surface that faces the outside of an organ?

Accepted Answer

A)  apical 
B)  basal 
C)  interstitial 
D)  lumen 
A)  apical 
B)  basal 
C)  interstitial 
D)  lumen

Question 9

An elephant and a mouse are running in full sunlight, and both overheat by the same amount above their normal body temperatures. When they move into the shade and rest, which animal will cool down faster?

Accepted Answer

A)  The elephant will because it has the higher surface-area-to-volume ratio. 
B)  The elephant will because it has the lower surface-area-to-volume ratio. 
C)  The mouse will because it has the higher surface-area-to-volume ratio. 
D)  They will cool at the same rate because they overheated by the same amount. 
A)  The elephant will because it has the higher surface-area-to-volume ratio. 
B)  The elephant will because it has the lower surface-area-to-volume ratio. 
C)  The mouse will because it has the higher surface-area-to-volume ratio. 
D)  They will cool at the same rate because they overheated by the same amount.

Question 10

You are studying a large tropical reptile that has a high and relatively stable body temperature. How would you determine whether this animal is an endotherm or an ectotherm?

Accepted Answer

A)  You know from its high and stable body temperature that it must be an endotherm. 
B)  You know that it is an ectotherm because it is not a bird or mammal. 
C)  You subject this reptile to various temperatures in the lab and find that its body temperature and metabolic rate change with the ambient temperature. You conclude that it is an ectotherm. 
D)  You note that its environment has a high and stable temperature. Because its body temperature matches the environmental temperature, you conclude that it is an ectotherm. 
A)  You know from its high and stable body temperature that it must be an endotherm. 
B)  You know that it is an ectotherm because it is not a bird or mammal. 
C)  You subject this reptile to various temperatures in the lab and find that its body temperature and metabolic rate change with the ambient temperature. You conclude that it is an ectotherm. 
D)  You note that its environment has a high and stable temperature. Because its body temperature matches the environmental temperature, you conclude that it is an ectotherm.

Question 11

Which organ system is responsible for protection against injury, infection, and dehydration?

Accepted Answer

A)  Reproductive system 
B)  Excretory system 
C)  Skeletal system 
D)  Integumentary system 
A)  Reproductive system 
B)  Excretory system 
C)  Skeletal system 
D)  Integumentary system

Question 12

Standard metabolic rate (SMR)and basal metabolic rate (BMR)are ________.

Accepted Answer

A)  used differently: SMR is measured during exercise, whereas BMR is measured at rest 
B)  used to compare metabolic rates during feeding and other active conditions 
C)  both measured across a wide range of temperatures for a given species 
D)  both measured in animals in a resting and fasting state 
A)  used differently: SMR is measured during exercise, whereas BMR is measured at rest 
B)  used to compare metabolic rates during feeding and other active conditions 
C)  both measured across a wide range of temperatures for a given species 
D)  both measured in animals in a resting and fasting state

Question 13

Generally, epithelial cell layers are responsible for separating two fluids. For example, the epithelium of blood vessels in animals separates the blood from the interstitial fluid. What characteristic would you expect to see in an epithelium that was specialized for passive diffusion of materials from one fluid to another?

Accepted Answer

A)  a single layer of flattened cells 
B)  many layers of cells stacked together 
C)  large, cube-shaped cells 
D)  loosely connected cells surrounded by an extracellular matrix 
A)  a single layer of flattened cells 
B)  many layers of cells stacked together 
C)  large, cube-shaped cells 
D)  loosely connected cells surrounded by an extracellular matrix

Question 14

Organisms maintain dynamic homeostasis through behavioral and physiological mechanisms. Which of the following statements is an accurate explanation of a negative feedback mechanism used by animals to regulate body temperature?

Accepted Answer

A)  Squirrels are able to cool themselves during warmer months by producing more brown fat, which contains abundant mitochondria and a rich blood supply. 
B)  Desert jackrabbits have unusually large ears that serve as solar heat collectors to enable them to maintain their body temperatures. 
C)  A ground squirrel's hypothalamus detects changes in environmental temperatures and responds by activating or suppressing metabolic heat production. 
D)  A goldfish slows its movements when the water temperature is lower. 
A)  Squirrels are able to cool themselves during warmer months by producing more brown fat, which contains abundant mitochondria and a rich blood supply. 
B)  Desert jackrabbits have unusually large ears that serve as solar heat collectors to enable them to maintain their body temperatures. 
C)  A ground squirrel's hypothalamus detects changes in environmental temperatures and responds by activating or suppressing metabolic heat production. 
D)  A goldfish slows its movements when the water temperature is lower.

Question 15

Penguins, seals, and tuna have body forms that permit rapid swimming, because ________.

Accepted Answer

A)  all share a recent common ancestor 
B)  all of their bodies have been compressed since birth by intensive underwater pressures 
C)  the shape is a convergent evolutionary solution, which reduces drag while swimming 
D)  this is the only shape that will allow them to maintain a constant body temperature in water 
A)  all share a recent common ancestor 
B)  all of their bodies have been compressed since birth by intensive underwater pressures 
C)  the shape is a convergent evolutionary solution, which reduces drag while swimming 
D)  this is the only shape that will allow them to maintain a constant body temperature in water

Question 16

Cardiac muscle cells are both ________.

Accepted Answer

A)  striated and interconnected by intercalated disks 
B)  smooth and under voluntary control 
C)  striated and under voluntary control 
D)  smooth and under involuntary control 
A)  striated and interconnected by intercalated disks 
B)  smooth and under voluntary control 
C)  striated and under voluntary control 
D)  smooth and under involuntary control

Question 17

Use the figure to answer the following question.
 
The thin horizontal arrows in the figure above show that the ________.

Accepted Answer

A)  warmer arterial blood can bypass the legs as needed, when the legs are too cold to function well 
B)  warmer venous blood transfers heat to the cooler arterial blood 
C)  warmer arterial blood transfers heat to the cooler venous blood 
D)  arterial blood is always cooler in the abdomen, compared to the temperature of the venous blood in the feet of the goose 
A)  warmer arterial blood can bypass the legs as needed, when the legs are too cold to function well 
B)  warmer venous blood transfers heat to the cooler arterial blood 
C)  warmer arterial blood transfers heat to the cooler venous blood 
D)  arterial blood is always cooler in the abdomen, compared to the temperature of the venous blood in the feet of the goose

Question 18

Compared with a smaller cell, a larger cell of the same shape has

Accepted Answer

A)  less surface area. 
B)  less surface area per unit of volume. 
C)  the same surface-area-to-volume ratio. 
D)  a smaller cytoplasm-to-nucleus ratio. 
A)  less surface area. 
B)  less surface area per unit of volume. 
C)  the same surface-area-to-volume ratio. 
D)  a smaller cytoplasm-to-nucleus ratio.

Question 19

Connective tissues typically have ________.

Accepted Answer

A)  little space between the membranes of adjacent cells 
B)  the ability to transmit electrochemical impulses 
C)  the ability to shorten upon stimulation 
D)  relatively few cells and a large amount of extracellular matrix 
A)  little space between the membranes of adjacent cells 
B)  the ability to transmit electrochemical impulses 
C)  the ability to shorten upon stimulation 
D)  relatively few cells and a large amount of extracellular matrix

Question 20

Which of the following is a true statement about body size and physiology?

Accepted Answer

A)  The amount of food and oxygen an animal requires and the amount of heat and waste it produces are inversely proportional to its mass. 
B)  The rate at which an animal uses nutrients and produces waste products is independent of its volume. 
C)  Small and large animals face different physiological challenges because an animal's body mass increases cubically while its surface area increases as a squared function. 
D)  The wastes produced by an animal double as its volume doubles and triple as its surface area triples. 
A)  The amount of food and oxygen an animal requires and the amount of heat and waste it produces are inversely proportional to its mass. 
B)  The rate at which an animal uses nutrients and produces waste products is independent of its volume. 
C)  Small and large animals face different physiological challenges because an animal's body mass increases cubically while its surface area increases as a squared function. 
D)  The wastes produced by an animal double as its volume doubles and triple as its surface area triples.

Exam 40: Basic Principles of Animal Form and Function

Blood is best classified as connective tissue because ________.

As animals have evolved large body size, they have also evolved adaptations to improve exchange of energy and materials with the environment. For example, in many larger organisms, evolution has favored lungs and a digestive tract with ________.

Use the graph to answer the following question. What can you determine from the graph?

Consider the energy budgets for a human, an elephant, a penguin, a mouse, and a snake. The ________ would have the highest total annual energy expenditure, and the ________ would have the highest energy expenditure per unit mass.

Consider the energy budgets for a human, an elephant, a penguin, a mouse, and a snake. The ________ would have the highest total annual energy expenditure, and the ________ would have the highest energy expenditure per unit mass.

The panting responses observed in overheated birds and mammals dissipate excess heat by ________.

Which of the following would increase the rate of heat exchange between an animal and its environment?

What is the name of the epithelial cell surface that faces the outside of an organ?

An elephant and a mouse are running in full sunlight, and both overheat by the same amount above their normal body temperatures. When they move into the shade and rest, which animal will cool down faster?

You are studying a large tropical reptile that has a high and relatively stable body temperature. How would you determine whether this animal is an endotherm or an ectotherm?

Which organ system is responsible for protection against injury, infection, and dehydration?

Standard metabolic rate (SMR)and basal metabolic rate (BMR)are ________.

Organisms maintain dynamic homeostasis through behavioral and physiological mechanisms. Which of the following statements is an accurate explanation of a negative feedback mechanism used by animals to regulate body temperature?

Penguins, seals, and tuna have body forms that permit rapid swimming, because ________.

Cardiac muscle cells are both ________.

Use the figure to answer the following question. The thin horizontal arrows in the figure above show that the ________.

Compared with a smaller cell, a larger cell of the same shape has

Connective tissues typically have ________.

Which of the following is a true statement about body size and physiology?

Evolution, the Themes of Biology, and Scientific Inquiry

The Chemical Context of Life

Water and Life

Carbon and the Molecular Diversity of Life

The Structure and Function of Large Biological Molecules

A Tour of the Cell

Membrane Structure and Function

An Introduction to Metabolism

Cellular Respiration and Fermentation

Photosynthesis

Cell Communication

The Cell Cycle

Meiosis and Sexual Life Cycles

Mendel and the Gene Idea

The Chromosomal Basis of Inheritance

The Molecular Basis of Inheritance

Gene Expression: From Gene to Protein

Regulation of Gene Expression

Viruses

DNA Tools and Biotechnology

Genomes and Their Evolution

Descent with Modification: A Darwinian View of Life

The Evolution of Populations

The Origin of Species

The History of Life on Earth

Phylogeny and the Tree of Life

Bacteria and Archaea

Protists

Plant Diversity I: How Plants Colonized Land

Plant Diversity II: The Evolution of Seed Plants

Fungi

An Overview of Animal Diversity

An Introduction to Invertebrates

The Origin and Evolution of Vertebrates

Vascular Plant Structure, Growth, and Development

Resource Acquisition and Transport in Vascular Plants

Soil and Plant Nutrition

Angiosperm Reproduction and Biotechnology

Plant Responses to Internal and External Signals

Animal Nutrition

Circulation and Gas Exchange

The Immune System

Osmoregulation and Excretion

Hormones and the Endocrine System

Animal Reproduction

Animal Development

Neurons, Synapses, and Signaling

Nervous Systems

Sensory and Motor Mechanisms

Animal Behavior

An Introduction to Ecology and the Biosphere

Population Ecology

Community Ecology

Ecosystems and Restoration Ecology

Conservation Biology and Global Change

Filters

Consider the energy budgets for a human, an elephant, a penguin, a mouse, and a snake. The would have the highest total annual energy expenditure, and the would have the highest energy expenditure per unit mass.

Consider the energy budgets for a human, an elephant, a penguin, a mouse, and a snake. The would have the highest total annual energy expenditure, and the would have the highest energy expenditure per unit mass.