Question 1

The 11 pairs of appendages projecting from the rostral area of star-nosed moles are

Accepted Answer

A)  chemosensory structures. 
B)  tactile structures. 
C)  olfactory structures. 
D)  highly sensitive photoreceptors. 
E)  gustatory structures. 
A)  chemosensory structures. 
B)  tactile structures. 
C)  olfactory structures. 
D)  highly sensitive photoreceptors. 
E)  gustatory structures.

Question 2

Experiments with genetically altered mice showed that the mice would consume abnormally high amounts of bitter-tasting compounds in water after their

Accepted Answer

A)  hormone receptors for digestive hormones were reduced or eliminated, showing that bitter tastes are reinforced by digestive responses. 
B)  salt-taste cells were altered to express receptors for bitter tastants, suggesting that animals have unregulated salt appetites. 
C)  visual sense was reduced or eliminated, suggesting that mice learn visual cues about bitter tastes. 
D)  olfactory sense was reduced or eliminated, suggesting that mice learn odor cues about bitter tastes. 
E)  sweet-taste cells were altered to express receptors for bitter tastants, suggesting that the sensation of taste depends only on which taste cell is stimulated. 
A)  hormone receptors for digestive hormones were reduced or eliminated, showing that bitter tastes are reinforced by digestive responses. 
B)  salt-taste cells were altered to express receptors for bitter tastants, suggesting that animals have unregulated salt appetites. 
C)  visual sense was reduced or eliminated, suggesting that mice learn visual cues about bitter tastes. 
D)  olfactory sense was reduced or eliminated, suggesting that mice learn odor cues about bitter tastes. 
E)  sweet-taste cells were altered to express receptors for bitter tastants, suggesting that the sensation of taste depends only on which taste cell is stimulated.

Question 3

The hydrostatic skeleton of the earthworm allows it to move around in its environment by

Accepted Answer

A)  walking on its limbs. 
B)  crawling with its feet. 
C)  swimming with its setae. 
D)  using peristaltic contractions of its circular and longitudinal muscles. 
E)  alternating contractions and relaxations of its flagellae. 
A)  walking on its limbs. 
B)  crawling with its feet. 
C)  swimming with its setae. 
D)  using peristaltic contractions of its circular and longitudinal muscles. 
E)  alternating contractions and relaxations of its flagellae.

Question 4

The generation of action potentials in olfactory neurons initiated by odors drawn in the nasal cavity is an example of

Accepted Answer

A)  perception. 
B)  sensory transduction. 
C)  sensory adaptation. 
D)  habituation. 
E)  lateral inhibition. 
A)  perception. 
B)  sensory transduction. 
C)  sensory adaptation. 
D)  habituation. 
E)  lateral inhibition.

Question 5

The middle ear converts

Accepted Answer

A)  air pressure waves to fluid pressure waves. 
B)  fluid pressure waves to air pressure waves. 
C)  air pressure waves to nerve impulses. 
D)  fluid pressure waves to nerve impulses. 
E)  pressure waves to hair cell movements. 
A)  air pressure waves to fluid pressure waves. 
B)  fluid pressure waves to air pressure waves. 
C)  air pressure waves to nerve impulses. 
D)  fluid pressure waves to nerve impulses. 
E)  pressure waves to hair cell movements.

Question 6

Statocysts contain cells that are

Accepted Answer

A)  mechanoreceptors which function in orientation to gravity. 
B)  chemoreceptors used in selecting migration routes. 
C)  photoreceptors used in setting biological rhythms. 
D)  thermoreceptors used in prey detection. 
E)  chemoreceptors used in acid-base balance. 
A)  mechanoreceptors which function in orientation to gravity. 
B)  chemoreceptors used in selecting migration routes. 
C)  photoreceptors used in setting biological rhythms. 
D)  thermoreceptors used in prey detection. 
E)  chemoreceptors used in acid-base balance.

Question 7

The muscles of a recently deceased human can remain in a contracted state, termed rigor mortis, for several hours, due to the lack of

Accepted Answer

A)  phosphorylated myosin. 
B)  ATP needed to break actin-myosin bonds. 
C)  calcium ions needed to bind to troponin. 
D)  oxygen supplies needed for myoglobin. 
E)  sodium ions needed to fire action potentials. 
A)  phosphorylated myosin. 
B)  ATP needed to break actin-myosin bonds. 
C)  calcium ions needed to bind to troponin. 
D)  oxygen supplies needed for myoglobin. 
E)  sodium ions needed to fire action potentials.

Question 8

Although some sharks close their eyes just before they bite, their bites are on target. Researchers have noted that sharks often misdirect their bites at metal objects and that they can find batteries buried under sand. This evidence suggests that sharks keep track of their prey during the split second before they bite in the same way that

Accepted Answer

A)  a rattlesnake finds a mouse in its burrow. 
B)  a male silkworm moth locates a mate. 
C)  a bat finds moths in the dark. 
D)  a platypus locates its prey in a muddy river. 
E)  a flatworm avoids light places. 
A)  a rattlesnake finds a mouse in its burrow. 
B)  a male silkworm moth locates a mate. 
C)  a bat finds moths in the dark. 
D)  a platypus locates its prey in a muddy river. 
E)  a flatworm avoids light places.

Question 9

The blind spot in the human retina is the location that has the collected axons of

Accepted Answer

A)  ganglion cells. 
B)  bipolar cells. 
C)  primary visual cortex. 
D)  optic chiasma. 
E)  lateral geniculate nuclei. 
A)  ganglion cells. 
B)  bipolar cells. 
C)  primary visual cortex. 
D)  optic chiasma. 
E)  lateral geniculate nuclei.

Question 10

The "motor unit" in vertebrate skeletal muscle refers to

Accepted Answer

A)  one actin binding site and its myosin partner. 
B)  one sarcomere and all of its actin and myosin filaments. 
C)  one myofibril and all of its sarcomeres. 
D)  one motor neuron and all of the muscle fibers on which it has synapses. 
E)  an entire muscle. 
A)  one actin binding site and its myosin partner. 
B)  one sarcomere and all of its actin and myosin filaments. 
C)  one myofibril and all of its sarcomeres. 
D)  one motor neuron and all of the muscle fibers on which it has synapses. 
E)  an entire muscle.

Question 11

Sensory-transducing cells that fire both graded potentials and action potentials are found in

Accepted Answer

A)  vision. 
B)  gustation. 
C)  olfaction. 
D)  audition. 
A)  vision. 
B)  gustation. 
C)  olfaction. 
D)  audition.

Question 12

Compared to viewing a distant object, viewing an object held within 5 cm of the eye requires a lens that

Accepted Answer

A)  has been flattened, as a result of contraction of the ciliary muscles. 
B)  has been made more spherical, as a result of contraction of the ciliary muscles. 
C)  has been flattened, as a result of relaxation of the ciliary muscles. 
D)  has been made more spherical, as a result of relaxation of the ciliary muscles. 
E)  does not change its shape. 
A)  has been flattened, as a result of contraction of the ciliary muscles. 
B)  has been made more spherical, as a result of contraction of the ciliary muscles. 
C)  has been flattened, as a result of relaxation of the ciliary muscles. 
D)  has been made more spherical, as a result of relaxation of the ciliary muscles. 
E)  does not change its shape.

Question 13

Lateral inhibition via amacrine cells in the mammalian retina

Accepted Answer

A)  underlies habituation of vision. 
B)  enhances visual contrast. 
C)  prevents bleaching in bright light. 
D)  is required for color vision to occur. 
E)  recycles neurotransmitter molecules. 
A)  underlies habituation of vision. 
B)  enhances visual contrast. 
C)  prevents bleaching in bright light. 
D)  is required for color vision to occur. 
E)  recycles neurotransmitter molecules.

Question 14

The muscle spindle is

Accepted Answer

A)  an actin-myosin complex. 
B)  a troponin-tropomyosin complex. 
C)  axons wound around muscle fibers. 
D)  a group of dendrite-encircled muscle fibers. 
E)  a muscle cell that makes up a muscle group. 
A)  an actin-myosin complex. 
B)  a troponin-tropomyosin complex. 
C)  axons wound around muscle fibers. 
D)  a group of dendrite-encircled muscle fibers. 
E)  a muscle cell that makes up a muscle group.

Question 15

Sensory transduction of light/dark information in the vertebrate retina is accomplished by

Accepted Answer

A)  ganglion cells. 
B)  amacrine cells. 
C)  bipolar cells. 
D)  horizontal cells. 
E)  rods and cones. 
A)  ganglion cells. 
B)  amacrine cells. 
C)  bipolar cells. 
D)  horizontal cells. 
E)  rods and cones.

Question 16

The cochlea is an organ of auditory transduction that contains

Accepted Answer

A)  fluid and cells that can undergo mechanosensory transduction. 
B)  air and cells that produce wax. 
C)  air and small bones that vibrate in response to sound waves. 
D)  fluid with stacks of chemosensory cells. 
E)  air and statocysts activated by movement. 
A)  fluid and cells that can undergo mechanosensory transduction. 
B)  air and cells that produce wax. 
C)  air and small bones that vibrate in response to sound waves. 
D)  fluid with stacks of chemosensory cells. 
E)  air and statocysts activated by movement.

Question 17

For the processing of visual information in the central nervous system of humans, the neuronal projections of ganglion cells to the left and right lateral geniculate nuclei (LGN)are

Accepted Answer

A)  all ipsilateral, meaning that left eye projections stay on the left side of the brain, and vice versa. 
B)  all contralateral, meaning that left eye projections project to the right side of the brain, and vice versa. 
C)  ipsilateral for the temporal side of each retina, and contralateral for the nasal side of each retina. 
D)  ipsilateral for the nasal side of each retina, and contralateral for the temporal side of each retina. 
E)  randomly crossed in terms of which side of the retina projects to either the left or right side of the brain. 
A)  all ipsilateral, meaning that left eye projections stay on the left side of the brain, and vice versa. 
B)  all contralateral, meaning that left eye projections project to the right side of the brain, and vice versa. 
C)  ipsilateral for the temporal side of each retina, and contralateral for the nasal side of each retina. 
D)  ipsilateral for the nasal side of each retina, and contralateral for the temporal side of each retina. 
E)  randomly crossed in terms of which side of the retina projects to either the left or right side of the brain.

Question 18

Artificial electrical stimulation of a human's menthol-sensitive neurons would likely produce the sensation of

Accepted Answer

A)  cold temperature. 
B)  hot temperature. 
C)  tactile stimulus. 
D)  odor of pepper. 
E)  deep pressure. 
A)  cold temperature. 
B)  hot temperature. 
C)  tactile stimulus. 
D)  odor of pepper. 
E)  deep pressure.

Question 19

Dizziness is a perceived sensation that can occur when

Accepted Answer

A)  the hair cells in the cochlea move more than their normal limits. 
B)  moving fluid in the semicircular canals encounters a stationary cupula. 
C)  rods and cones provide information that does not correspond with information received by cochlear hair cells. 
D)  the basilar membrane makes physical contact with the tectorial membrane. 
E)  the utricle is horizontal but the saccule is vertical. 
A)  the hair cells in the cochlea move more than their normal limits. 
B)  moving fluid in the semicircular canals encounters a stationary cupula. 
C)  rods and cones provide information that does not correspond with information received by cochlear hair cells. 
D)  the basilar membrane makes physical contact with the tectorial membrane. 
E)  the utricle is horizontal but the saccule is vertical.

Question 20

It can be very difficult to select an angle for sneaking up to a grasshopper to catch it because grasshoppers have

Accepted Answer

A)  excellent hearing for detecting predators. 
B)  compound eyes with multiple ommatidia. 
C)  eyes with multiple fovea. 
D)  a camera-like eye with multiple fovea. 
E)  binocular vision. 
A)  excellent hearing for detecting predators. 
B)  compound eyes with multiple ommatidia. 
C)  eyes with multiple fovea. 
D)  a camera-like eye with multiple fovea. 
E)  binocular vision.

Exam 50: Sensory and Motor Mechanisms

The 11 pairs of appendages projecting from the rostral area of star-nosed moles are

Experiments with genetically altered mice showed that the mice would consume abnormally high amounts of bitter-tasting compounds in water after their

The hydrostatic skeleton of the earthworm allows it to move around in its environment by

The generation of action potentials in olfactory neurons initiated by odors drawn in the nasal cavity is an example of

The middle ear converts

Statocysts contain cells that are

The muscles of a recently deceased human can remain in a contracted state, termed rigor mortis, for several hours, due to the lack of

The blind spot in the human retina is the location that has the collected axons of

The "motor unit" in vertebrate skeletal muscle refers to

Sensory-transducing cells that fire both graded potentials and action potentials are found in

Compared to viewing a distant object, viewing an object held within 5 cm of the eye requires a lens that

Lateral inhibition via amacrine cells in the mammalian retina

The muscle spindle is

Sensory transduction of light/dark information in the vertebrate retina is accomplished by

The cochlea is an organ of auditory transduction that contains

For the processing of visual information in the central nervous system of humans, the neuronal projections of ganglion cells to the left and right lateral geniculate nuclei (LGN)are

Artificial electrical stimulation of a human's menthol-sensitive neurons would likely produce the sensation of

Dizziness is a perceived sensation that can occur when

It can be very difficult to select an angle for sneaking up to a grasshopper to catch it because grasshoppers have

Introduction: Themes in the Study of Life

The Chemical Context of Life

Water and Life

Carbon and the Molecular Diversity of Life

The Structure and Function of Large Biological Molecules

A Tour of the Cell

Membrane Structure and Function

An Introduction to Metabolism

Cellular Respiration and Fermentation

Photosynthesis

Cell Communication

The Cell Cycle

Meiosis and Sexual Life Cycles

Mendel and the Gene Idea

The Chromosomal Basis of Inheritance

The Molecular Basis of Inheritance

From Gene to Protein

Regulation of Gene Expression

Viruses

Biotechnology

Genomes and Their Evolution

Descent with Modification: A Darwinian View of Life

The Evolution of Populations

The Origin of Species

The History of Life on Earth

Phylogeny and the Tree of Life

Bacteria and Archaea

Protists

Plant Diversity I: How Plants Colonized Land

Plant Diversity II: The Evolution of Seed Plants

Fungi

An Overview of Animal Diversity

An Introduction to Invertebrates

The Origin and Evolution of Vertebrates

Plant Structure, Growth, and Development

Resource Acquisition and Transport in Vascular Plants

Soil and Plant Nutrition

Angiosperm Reproduction and Biotechnology

Plant Responses to Internal and External Signals

Basic Principles of Animal Form and Function

Animal Nutrition

Circulation and Gas Exchange

The Immune System

Osmoregulation and Excretion

Hormones and the Endocrine System

Animal Reproduction

Animal Development

Neurons, Synapses, and Signaling

Nervous Systems

Animal Behavior

An Introduction to Ecology and the Biosphere

Population Ecology

Community Ecology

Ecosystems and Restoration Ecology

Conservation Biology and Global Change

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