Question 1

Processing of filtrate in the proximal and distal tubules

Accepted Answer

A)  achieves the sorting of plasma proteins according to size. 
B)  achieves the conversion of toxic ammonia to less toxic urea. 
C)  maintains homeostasis of pH in body fluids. 
D)  regulates the speed of blood flow through the nephrons. 
E)  reabsorbs urea to maintain osmotic balance. 
A)  achieves the sorting of plasma proteins according to size. 
B)  achieves the conversion of toxic ammonia to less toxic urea. 
C)  maintains homeostasis of pH in body fluids. 
D)  regulates the speed of blood flow through the nephrons. 
E)  reabsorbs urea to maintain osmotic balance.

Question 2

Unlike most bony fishes, sharks maintain body fluids that are isoosmotic to seawater, so they are considered by many to be osmoconformers. Nonetheless, these sharks osmoregulate at least partially by

Accepted Answer

A)  using their gills and kidneys to rid themselves of sea salts. 
B)  monitoring dehydration at the cellular level with special gated aquaporins. 
C)  tolerating high urea concentrations that balance internal salt concentrations to seawater osmolarity. 
D)  synthesizing trimethylamine oxide, a chemical that binds and precipitates salts inside cells. 
E)  possessing a special adaptation that allows their cells to operate at an extraordinarily high salt concentration. 
A)  using their gills and kidneys to rid themselves of sea salts. 
B)  monitoring dehydration at the cellular level with special gated aquaporins. 
C)  tolerating high urea concentrations that balance internal salt concentrations to seawater osmolarity. 
D)  synthesizing trimethylamine oxide, a chemical that binds and precipitates salts inside cells. 
E)  possessing a special adaptation that allows their cells to operate at an extraordinarily high salt concentration.

Question 3

Osmoregulatory adjustment via the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system can be triggered by

Accepted Answer

A)  sleeping for one hour. 
B)  severe sweating on a hot day. 
C)  eating a bag of potato chips. 
D)  eating a pizza with olives and pepperoni. 
E)  drinking several glasses of water. 
A)  sleeping for one hour. 
B)  severe sweating on a hot day. 
C)  eating a bag of potato chips. 
D)  eating a pizza with olives and pepperoni. 
E)  drinking several glasses of water.

Question 4

A necropsy (postmortem analysis)of a marine sea star that died after it was mistakenly placed in fresh water would likely show that it died because

Accepted Answer

A)  it was stressed and needed more time to acclimate to the new conditions. 
B)  it was so hyperosmotic to the fresh water that it could not osmoregulate. 
C)  the sea star's kidneys could not handle the change in ionic content presented by the fresh water. 
D)  its contractile vacuoles ruptured. 
E)  its cells dehydrated and lost the ability to metabolize. 
A)  it was stressed and needed more time to acclimate to the new conditions. 
B)  it was so hyperosmotic to the fresh water that it could not osmoregulate. 
C)  the sea star's kidneys could not handle the change in ionic content presented by the fresh water. 
D)  its contractile vacuoles ruptured. 
E)  its cells dehydrated and lost the ability to metabolize.

Question 5

In humans, the transport epithelial cells in the ascending loop of Henle

Accepted Answer

A)  are the largest epithelial cells in the body. 
B)  are not in contact with interstitial fluid. 
C)  have plasma membranes of low permeability to water. 
D)  have 50% of their cell mass made of smooth endoplasmic reticulum. 
E)  are not affected by high levels of nitrogenous wastes. 
A)  are the largest epithelial cells in the body. 
B)  are not in contact with interstitial fluid. 
C)  have plasma membranes of low permeability to water. 
D)  have 50% of their cell mass made of smooth endoplasmic reticulum. 
E)  are not affected by high levels of nitrogenous wastes.

Question 6

Compared to the seawater around them, most marine invertebrates are

Accepted Answer

A)  hyperosmotic. 
B)  hypoosmotic. 
C)  isoosmotic. 
D)  hyperosmotic and isoosmotic. 
E)  hypoosmotic and isoosmotic. 
A)  hyperosmotic. 
B)  hypoosmotic. 
C)  isoosmotic. 
D)  hyperosmotic and isoosmotic. 
E)  hypoosmotic and isoosmotic.

Question 7

Use the following structural formulas to identify the following items.
  
-Which of the following is synthesized by mammals, most amphibians, sharks, and some bony fishes, and has lower toxicity than its nitrogenous substrate?

Accepted Answer

A)  A 
B)  B 
C)  C 
D)  D 
E)  E 
A)  A 
B)  B 
C)  C 
D)  D 
E)  E

Question 8

Increased ADH secretion is likely after

Accepted Answer

A)  drinking lots of pure water. 
B)  sweating-induced dehydration increases plasma osmolarity. 
C)  ingestion of ethanol (drinking alcoholic drinks). 
D)  eating a small sugary snack. 
E)  blood pressure is abnormally high. 
A)  drinking lots of pure water. 
B)  sweating-induced dehydration increases plasma osmolarity. 
C)  ingestion of ethanol (drinking alcoholic drinks). 
D)  eating a small sugary snack. 
E)  blood pressure is abnormally high.

Question 9

Compared to wetland mammals, water conservation in mammals of arid regions is enhanced by having more

Accepted Answer

A)  juxtamedullary nephrons. 
B)  Bowman's capsules. 
C)  ureters. 
D)  podocytes. 
E)  urinary bladders. 
A)  juxtamedullary nephrons. 
B)  Bowman's capsules. 
C)  ureters. 
D)  podocytes. 
E)  urinary bladders.

Question 10

If ATP production in a human kidney was suddenly halted, urine production would

Accepted Answer

A)  come to a complete halt. 
B)  decrease, and the urine would be hypoosmotic compared to plasma. 
C)  increase, and the urine would be isoosmotic compared to plasma. 
D)  increase, and the urine would be hyperosmotic compared to plasma. 
E)  decrease, and the urine would be isoosmotic compared to plasma. 
A)  come to a complete halt. 
B)  decrease, and the urine would be hypoosmotic compared to plasma. 
C)  increase, and the urine would be isoosmotic compared to plasma. 
D)  increase, and the urine would be hyperosmotic compared to plasma. 
E)  decrease, and the urine would be isoosmotic compared to plasma.

Question 11

The primary nitrogenous waste excreted by birds is

Accepted Answer

A)  ammonia. 
B)  nitrate. 
C)  nitrite. 
D)  urea. 
E)  uric acid. 
A)  ammonia. 
B)  nitrate. 
C)  nitrite. 
D)  urea. 
E)  uric acid.

Question 12

ADH and RAAS work together in maintaining osmoregulatory homeostasis through which of the following ways?

Accepted Answer

A)  ADH regulates the osmolarity of the blood and RAAS regulates the volume of the blood. 
B)  ADH regulates the osmolarity of the blood by altering renal reabsorption of water, and RAAS maintains the osmolarity of the blood by stimulating Na⁺ reabsorption. 
C)  ADH and RAAS work antagonistically; ADH stimulates water reabsorption during dehydration and RAAS causes increased excretion of water when it is in excess in body fluids. 
D)  both stimulate the adrenal gland to secrete aldosterone, which increases both blood volume and pressure via its receptors in the urinary bladder. 
E)  by combining at the receptor sites of proximal tubule cells, where reabsorption of essential nutrients takes place. 
A)  ADH regulates the osmolarity of the blood and RAAS regulates the volume of the blood. 
B)  ADH regulates the osmolarity of the blood by altering renal reabsorption of water, and RAAS maintains the osmolarity of the blood by stimulating Na⁺ reabsorption. 
C)  ADH and RAAS work antagonistically; ADH stimulates water reabsorption during dehydration and RAAS causes increased excretion of water when it is in excess in body fluids. 
D)  both stimulate the adrenal gland to secrete aldosterone, which increases both blood volume and pressure via its receptors in the urinary bladder. 
E)  by combining at the receptor sites of proximal tubule cells, where reabsorption of essential nutrients takes place.

Question 13

Juxtamedullary nephrons can concentrate salt effectively in the renal medulla because of their long

Accepted Answer

A)  loops of Henle. 
B)  distal convoluted tubules. 
C)  Bowman's capsules. 
D)  proximal convoluted tubules. 
E)  glomeruli. 
A)  loops of Henle. 
B)  distal convoluted tubules. 
C)  Bowman's capsules. 
D)  proximal convoluted tubules. 
E)  glomeruli.

Question 14

The advantage of excreting nitrogenous wastes as urea rather than as ammonia is that

Accepted Answer

A)  urea can be exchanged for Na⁺. 
B)  urea is less toxic than ammonia. 
C)  urea requires more water for excretion than ammonia. 
D)  urea does not affect the osmolar gradient. 
E)  less nitrogen is removed from the body. 
A)  urea can be exchanged for Na⁺. 
B)  urea is less toxic than ammonia. 
C)  urea requires more water for excretion than ammonia. 
D)  urea does not affect the osmolar gradient. 
E)  less nitrogen is removed from the body.

Question 15

After blood flow is artificially reduced at one kidney, you would expect that kidney to secrete more of the hormone known as

Accepted Answer

A)  erythropoietin. 
B)  angiotensinogen. 
C)  renin. 
D)  antidiuretic hormone. 
E)  atrial natriuretic peptide. 
A)  erythropoietin. 
B)  angiotensinogen. 
C)  renin. 
D)  antidiuretic hormone. 
E)  atrial natriuretic peptide.

Question 16

In animals, nitrogenous wastes are produced mostly from the catabolism of

Accepted Answer

A)  starch and cellulose. 
B)  triglycerides and steroids. 
C)  proteins and nucleic acids. 
D)  phospholipids and glycolipids. 
E)  fatty acids and glycerol. 
A)  starch and cellulose. 
B)  triglycerides and steroids. 
C)  proteins and nucleic acids. 
D)  phospholipids and glycolipids. 
E)  fatty acids and glycerol.

Question 17

Freshwater flatworms form a urine that is typically

Accepted Answer

A)  of high solute concentration, in order to conserve body fluids. 
B)  of very low volume, in order to conserve body fluids. 
C)  of high solute concentration and very low volume, in order to conserve body fluids. 
D)  of high solute concentration and of high volume, matching their normal fluid uptake. 
E)  of low solute concentration and of high volume, matching their normal fluid uptake. 
A)  of high solute concentration, in order to conserve body fluids. 
B)  of very low volume, in order to conserve body fluids. 
C)  of high solute concentration and very low volume, in order to conserve body fluids. 
D)  of high solute concentration and of high volume, matching their normal fluid uptake. 
E)  of low solute concentration and of high volume, matching their normal fluid uptake.

Question 18

Excessive formation of uric acid crystals in humans leads to

Accepted Answer

A)  a condition called diabetes, where excessive urine formation occurs. 
B)  a condition of insatiable thirst and excessive urine formation. 
C)  gout, a painful inflammatory disease that primarily affects the joints. 
D)  the absence of urea in the urine. 
E)  osteoarthritis, an inevitable consequence of aging. 
A)  a condition called diabetes, where excessive urine formation occurs. 
B)  a condition of insatiable thirst and excessive urine formation. 
C)  gout, a painful inflammatory disease that primarily affects the joints. 
D)  the absence of urea in the urine. 
E)  osteoarthritis, an inevitable consequence of aging.

Question 19

The osmoregulatory/excretory system of a freshwater flatworm is based on the operation of

Accepted Answer

A)  protonephridia. 
B)  metanephridia. 
C)  Malpighian tubules. 
D)  nephrons. 
E)  ananephredia. 
A)  protonephridia. 
B)  metanephridia. 
C)  Malpighian tubules. 
D)  nephrons. 
E)  ananephredia.

Question 20

The body fluids of an osmoconformer would be ________ with its ________ environment.

Accepted Answer

A)  hyperosmotic; freshwater 
B)  isotonic; freshwater 
C)  hyperosmotic; saltwater 
D)  isoosmotic; saltwater 
E)  hypoosmotic; saltwater 
A)  hyperosmotic; freshwater 
B)  isotonic; freshwater 
C)  hyperosmotic; saltwater 
D)  isoosmotic; saltwater 
E)  hypoosmotic; saltwater

Exam 44: Osmoregulation and Excretion

Processing of filtrate in the proximal and distal tubules

Unlike most bony fishes, sharks maintain body fluids that are isoosmotic to seawater, so they are considered by many to be osmoconformers. Nonetheless, these sharks osmoregulate at least partially by

Osmoregulatory adjustment via the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system can be triggered by

A necropsy (postmortem analysis)of a marine sea star that died after it was mistakenly placed in fresh water would likely show that it died because

In humans, the transport epithelial cells in the ascending loop of Henle

Compared to the seawater around them, most marine invertebrates are

Use the following structural formulas to identify the following items. -Which of the following is synthesized by mammals, most amphibians, sharks, and some bony fishes, and has lower toxicity than its nitrogenous substrate?

Increased ADH secretion is likely after

Compared to wetland mammals, water conservation in mammals of arid regions is enhanced by having more

If ATP production in a human kidney was suddenly halted, urine production would

The primary nitrogenous waste excreted by birds is

ADH and RAAS work together in maintaining osmoregulatory homeostasis through which of the following ways?

Juxtamedullary nephrons can concentrate salt effectively in the renal medulla because of their long

The advantage of excreting nitrogenous wastes as urea rather than as ammonia is that

After blood flow is artificially reduced at one kidney, you would expect that kidney to secrete more of the hormone known as

In animals, nitrogenous wastes are produced mostly from the catabolism of

Freshwater flatworms form a urine that is typically

Excessive formation of uric acid crystals in humans leads to

The osmoregulatory/excretory system of a freshwater flatworm is based on the operation of

The body fluids of an osmoconformer would be ________ with its ________ environment.

Introduction: Themes in the Study of Life

The Chemical Context of Life

Water and Life

Carbon and the Molecular Diversity of Life

The Structure and Function of Large Biological Molecules

A Tour of the Cell

Membrane Structure and Function

An Introduction to Metabolism

Cellular Respiration and Fermentation

Photosynthesis

Cell Communication

The Cell Cycle

Meiosis and Sexual Life Cycles

Mendel and the Gene Idea

The Chromosomal Basis of Inheritance

The Molecular Basis of Inheritance

From Gene to Protein

Regulation of Gene Expression

Viruses

Biotechnology

Genomes and Their Evolution

Descent with Modification: A Darwinian View of Life

The Evolution of Populations

The Origin of Species

The History of Life on Earth

Phylogeny and the Tree of Life

Bacteria and Archaea

Protists

Plant Diversity I: How Plants Colonized Land

Plant Diversity II: The Evolution of Seed Plants

Fungi

An Overview of Animal Diversity

An Introduction to Invertebrates

The Origin and Evolution of Vertebrates

Plant Structure, Growth, and Development

Resource Acquisition and Transport in Vascular Plants

Soil and Plant Nutrition

Angiosperm Reproduction and Biotechnology

Plant Responses to Internal and External Signals

Basic Principles of Animal Form and Function

Animal Nutrition

Circulation and Gas Exchange

The Immune System

Hormones and the Endocrine System

Animal Reproduction

Animal Development

Neurons, Synapses, and Signaling

Nervous Systems

Sensory and Motor Mechanisms

Animal Behavior

An Introduction to Ecology and the Biosphere

Population Ecology

Community Ecology

Ecosystems and Restoration Ecology

Conservation Biology and Global Change

Filters

The body fluids of an osmoconformer would be with its environment.