Question 1

Birds secrete uric acid as their nitrogenous waste because uric acid

Accepted Answer

A)  is readily soluble in water. 
B)  is metabolically less expensive to synthesize than other excretory products. 
C)  requires little water for nitrogenous waste disposal, thus reducing body mass. 
D)  excretion allows birds to live in desert environments. 
A)  is readily soluble in water. 
B)  is metabolically less expensive to synthesize than other excretory products. 
C)  requires little water for nitrogenous waste disposal, thus reducing body mass. 
D)  excretion allows birds to live in desert environments.

Question 2

Excretory organs known as Malpighian tubules are present in

Accepted Answer

A)  earthworms. 
B)  flatworms. 
C)  insects. 
D)  jellyfish. 
E)  sea stars. 
A)  earthworms. 
B)  flatworms. 
C)  insects. 
D)  jellyfish. 
E)  sea stars.

Question 3

An excretory system that is partly based on the filtration of fluid under high hydrostatic pressure is the

Accepted Answer

A)  flame bulb system of flatworms. 
B)  protonephridia of rotifers. 
C)  metanephridia of earthworms. 
D)  Malpighian tubules of insects. 
E)  kidneys of vertebrates. 
A)  flame bulb system of flatworms. 
B)  protonephridia of rotifers. 
C)  metanephridia of earthworms. 
D)  Malpighian tubules of insects. 
E)  kidneys of vertebrates.

Question 4

The transfer of fluid from the glomerulus to Bowman's capsule

Accepted Answer

A)  results from active transport. 
B)  transfers large molecules as easily as small ones. 
C)  is very selective as to which subprotein-sized molecules are transferred. 
D)  is mainly a consequence of blood pressure in the capillaries of the glomerulus. 
E)  usually includes the transfer of red blood cells into Bowman's capsule. 
A)  results from active transport. 
B)  transfers large molecules as easily as small ones. 
C)  is very selective as to which subprotein-sized molecules are transferred. 
D)  is mainly a consequence of blood pressure in the capillaries of the glomerulus. 
E)  usually includes the transfer of red blood cells into Bowman's capsule.

Question 5

Which nitrogenous waste has the greatest number of nitrogen atoms?

Accepted Answer

A)  ammonia 
B)  ammonium ions 
C)  urea 
D)  uric acid 
A)  ammonia 
B)  ammonium ions 
C)  urea 
D)  uric acid

Question 6

The osmoregulatory/excretory system of an insect is based on the operation of

Accepted Answer

A)  protonephridia. 
B)  metanephridia. 
C)  Malpighian tubules. 
D)  nephrons. 
E)  ananephredia. 
A)  protonephridia. 
B)  metanephridia. 
C)  Malpighian tubules. 
D)  nephrons. 
E)  ananephredia.

Question 7

Which of the following animals generally has the lowest volume of urine production?

Accepted Answer

A)  a vampire bat 
B)  a salmon in fresh water 
C)  a marine bony fish 
D)  a freshwater bony fish 
E)  a shark inhabiting freshwater Lake Nicaragua 
A)  a vampire bat 
B)  a salmon in fresh water 
C)  a marine bony fish 
D)  a freshwater bony fish 
E)  a shark inhabiting freshwater Lake Nicaragua

Question 8

The osmoregulatory/excretory system of an earthworm is based on the operation of

Accepted Answer

A)  protonephridia. 
B)  metanephridia. 
C)  Malpighian tubules. 
D)  nephrons. 
E)  ananephredia. 
A)  protonephridia. 
B)  metanephridia. 
C)  Malpighian tubules. 
D)  nephrons. 
E)  ananephredia.

Question 9

The necropsy (postmortem analysis)of a freshwater fish that died after being placed accidentally in saltwater would likely show that

Accepted Answer

A)  loss of water by osmosis from cells in vital organs resulted in cell death and organ failure. 
B)  high amounts of salt had diffused into the fish's cells, causing them to swell and lyse. 
C)  the kidneys were not able to keep up with the water removal necessary in this hyperosmotic environment, creating an irrevocable loss of homeostasis. 
D)  the gills became encrusted with salt, resulting in inadequate gas exchange and a resulting asphyxiation. 
E)  brain cells lysed as a result of increased osmotic pressure in this hyperosmotic environment, leading to death by loss of autonomic function. 
A)  loss of water by osmosis from cells in vital organs resulted in cell death and organ failure. 
B)  high amounts of salt had diffused into the fish's cells, causing them to swell and lyse. 
C)  the kidneys were not able to keep up with the water removal necessary in this hyperosmotic environment, creating an irrevocable loss of homeostasis. 
D)  the gills became encrusted with salt, resulting in inadequate gas exchange and a resulting asphyxiation. 
E)  brain cells lysed as a result of increased osmotic pressure in this hyperosmotic environment, leading to death by loss of autonomic function.

Question 10

When stimulated by aldosterone, the reabsorption of Na⁺ is increased along

Accepted Answer

A)  the loop of Henle. 
B)  the collecting duct. 
C)  Bowman's capsule. 
D)  the proximal tubule. 
E)  the distal tubule. 
A)  the loop of Henle. 
B)  the collecting duct. 
C)  Bowman's capsule. 
D)  the proximal tubule. 
E)  the distal tubule.

Question 11

The high osmolarity of the renal medulla is maintained by all of the following except

Accepted Answer

A)  diffusion of salt from the thin segment of the ascending limb of the loop of Henle. 
B)  active transport of salt from the upper region of the ascending limb. 
C)  the spatial arrangement of juxtamedullary nephrons. 
D)  diffusion of urea from the collecting duct. 
E)  diffusion of salt from the descending limb of the loop of Henle. 
A)  diffusion of salt from the thin segment of the ascending limb of the loop of Henle. 
B)  active transport of salt from the upper region of the ascending limb. 
C)  the spatial arrangement of juxtamedullary nephrons. 
D)  diffusion of urea from the collecting duct. 
E)  diffusion of salt from the descending limb of the loop of Henle.

Question 12

The filtrate in the renal pelvis enters directly from

Accepted Answer

A)  the loop of Henle. 
B)  the collecting duct. 
C)  Bowman's capsule. 
D)  the proximal tubule. 
E)  the glomerulus. 
A)  the loop of Henle. 
B)  the collecting duct. 
C)  Bowman's capsule. 
D)  the proximal tubule. 
E)  the glomerulus.

Question 13

Unlike an earthworm's metanephridia, a mammalian nephron

Accepted Answer

A)  is intimately associated with a capillary network. 
B)  forms urine by changing fluid composition inside a tubule. 
C)  functions in both osmoregulation and excretion. 
D)  receives filtrate from blood instead of coelomic fluid. 
E)  has a transport epithelium. 
A)  is intimately associated with a capillary network. 
B)  forms urine by changing fluid composition inside a tubule. 
C)  functions in both osmoregulation and excretion. 
D)  receives filtrate from blood instead of coelomic fluid. 
E)  has a transport epithelium.

Question 14

Ammonia

Accepted Answer

A)  is soluble in water. 
B)  can be stored in the body as a precipitate. 
C)  has low toxicity relative to urea. 
D)  is metabolically more expensive to synthesize than urea. 
E)  is the major nitrogenous waste excreted by insects. 
A)  is soluble in water. 
B)  can be stored in the body as a precipitate. 
C)  has low toxicity relative to urea. 
D)  is metabolically more expensive to synthesize than urea. 
E)  is the major nitrogenous waste excreted by insects.

Question 15

Trauma to the human kidney could result in a urinary filtrate containing an abnormally high level of

Accepted Answer

A)  fatty acids. 
B)  glucose. 
C)  salts. 
D)  erythrocytes. 
E)  vitamins. 
A)  fatty acids. 
B)  glucose. 
C)  salts. 
D)  erythrocytes. 
E)  vitamins.

Question 16

Organisms categorized as osmoconformers are most likely

Accepted Answer

A)  found in freshwater lakes and streams. 
B)  marine. 
C)  amphibious. 
D)  found in arid terrestrial environments. 
E)  found in terrestrial environments with adequate moisture. 
A)  found in freshwater lakes and streams. 
B)  marine. 
C)  amphibious. 
D)  found in arid terrestrial environments. 
E)  found in terrestrial environments with adequate moisture.

Question 17

The nitrogenous waste that requires the most energy to produce is

Accepted Answer

A)  ammonia. 
B)  ammonium. 
C)  urea. 
D)  uric acid. 
A)  ammonia. 
B)  ammonium. 
C)  urea. 
D)  uric acid.

Question 18

The typical osmolarity of human blood is

Accepted Answer

A)  30 mosm/L. 
B)  100 mosm/L. 
C)  200 mosm/L. 
D)  300 mosm/L. 
E)  500 mosm/L. 
A)  30 mosm/L. 
B)  100 mosm/L. 
C)  200 mosm/L. 
D)  300 mosm/L. 
E)  500 mosm/L.

Question 19

Human urine is usually more acidic than most other body fluids because

Accepted Answer

A)  hydrogen ions are actively moved into the filtrate. 
B)  the sodium transporter exchanges one hydrogen ion for each sodium ion. 
C)  excreted plasma proteins are nearly all acidic ions. 
D)  excreted amino acids are in abundance. 
E)  potassium and sodium exchange generates lots of acidity. 
A)  hydrogen ions are actively moved into the filtrate. 
B)  the sodium transporter exchanges one hydrogen ion for each sodium ion. 
C)  excreted plasma proteins are nearly all acidic ions. 
D)  excreted amino acids are in abundance. 
E)  potassium and sodium exchange generates lots of acidity.

Question 20

Osmoconforming sharks take in water, as needed,

Accepted Answer

A)  by migrating to freshwater rivers to drink fresh water. 
B)  via osmosis, as their body cells are slightly hyperosmotic to seawater. 
C)  via active transport of water across the cells on their gills. 
D)  by water diffusion from seawater, which is hyperosmotic to the fluids in their cells. 
E)  by selective transport of water molecules across the wall of the gut. 
A)  by migrating to freshwater rivers to drink fresh water. 
B)  via osmosis, as their body cells are slightly hyperosmotic to seawater. 
C)  via active transport of water across the cells on their gills. 
D)  by water diffusion from seawater, which is hyperosmotic to the fluids in their cells. 
E)  by selective transport of water molecules across the wall of the gut.

Exam 44: Osmoregulation and Excretion

Birds secrete uric acid as their nitrogenous waste because uric acid

Excretory organs known as Malpighian tubules are present in

An excretory system that is partly based on the filtration of fluid under high hydrostatic pressure is the

The transfer of fluid from the glomerulus to Bowman's capsule

Which nitrogenous waste has the greatest number of nitrogen atoms?

The osmoregulatory/excretory system of an insect is based on the operation of

Which of the following animals generally has the lowest volume of urine production?

The osmoregulatory/excretory system of an earthworm is based on the operation of

The necropsy (postmortem analysis)of a freshwater fish that died after being placed accidentally in saltwater would likely show that

When stimulated by aldosterone, the reabsorption of Na⁺ is increased along

The high osmolarity of the renal medulla is maintained by all of the following except

The filtrate in the renal pelvis enters directly from

Unlike an earthworm's metanephridia, a mammalian nephron

Ammonia

Trauma to the human kidney could result in a urinary filtrate containing an abnormally high level of

Organisms categorized as osmoconformers are most likely

The nitrogenous waste that requires the most energy to produce is

The typical osmolarity of human blood is

Human urine is usually more acidic than most other body fluids because

Osmoconforming sharks take in water, as needed,

Introduction: Themes in the Study of Life

The Chemical Context of Life

Water and Life

Carbon and the Molecular Diversity of Life

The Structure and Function of Large Biological Molecules

A Tour of the Cell

Membrane Structure and Function

An Introduction to Metabolism

Cellular Respiration and Fermentation

Photosynthesis

Cell Communication

The Cell Cycle

Meiosis and Sexual Life Cycles

Mendel and the Gene Idea

The Chromosomal Basis of Inheritance

The Molecular Basis of Inheritance

From Gene to Protein

Regulation of Gene Expression

Viruses

Biotechnology

Genomes and Their Evolution

Descent with Modification: A Darwinian View of Life

The Evolution of Populations

The Origin of Species

The History of Life on Earth

Phylogeny and the Tree of Life

Bacteria and Archaea

Protists

Plant Diversity I: How Plants Colonized Land

Plant Diversity II: The Evolution of Seed Plants

Fungi

An Overview of Animal Diversity

An Introduction to Invertebrates

The Origin and Evolution of Vertebrates

Plant Structure, Growth, and Development

Resource Acquisition and Transport in Vascular Plants

Soil and Plant Nutrition

Angiosperm Reproduction and Biotechnology

Plant Responses to Internal and External Signals

Basic Principles of Animal Form and Function

Animal Nutrition

Circulation and Gas Exchange

The Immune System

Hormones and the Endocrine System

Animal Reproduction

Animal Development

Neurons, Synapses, and Signaling

Nervous Systems

Sensory and Motor Mechanisms

Animal Behavior

An Introduction to Ecology and the Biosphere

Population Ecology

Community Ecology

Ecosystems and Restoration Ecology

Conservation Biology and Global Change

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