Question 1

As genetic technology makes testing for a wide variety of genotypes possible, which of the following is likely to be an increasingly troublesome issue?

Accepted Answer

A)  use of genotype information to provide positive identification of criminals 
B)  using technology to identify genes that cause criminal behaviors 
C)  the need to legislate for the protection of the privacy of genetic information 
D)  discrimination against certain racial groups because of major genetic differences 
E)  alteration of human phenotypes to prevent early disease 
A)  use of genotype information to provide positive identification of criminals 
B)  using technology to identify genes that cause criminal behaviors 
C)  the need to legislate for the protection of the privacy of genetic information 
D)  discrimination against certain racial groups because of major genetic differences 
E)  alteration of human phenotypes to prevent early disease

Question 2

Which of the following best describes the complete sequence of steps occurring during every cycle of PCR?
1)The primers hybridize to the target DNA.
2)The mixture is heated to a high temperature to denature the double-stranded target DNA.
3)Fresh DNA polymerase is added.
4)DNA polymerase extends the primers to make a copy of the target DNA.

Accepted Answer

A)  2, 1, 4 
B)  1, 3, 2, 4 
C)  3, 4, 1, 2 
D)  3, 4, 2 
E)  2, 3, 4 
A)  2, 1, 4 
B)  1, 3, 2, 4 
C)  3, 4, 1, 2 
D)  3, 4, 2 
E)  2, 3, 4

Question 3

Use Figure 20.1 to answer the following question.
   
Figure 20.1
-Which enzyme was used to produce the molecule in Figure 20.1?

Accepted Answer

A)  ligase 
B)  transcriptase 
C)  a restriction enzyme 
D)  RNA polymerase 
E)  DNA polymerase 
A)  ligase 
B)  transcriptase 
C)  a restriction enzyme 
D)  RNA polymerase 
E)  DNA polymerase

Question 4

DNA technology has many medical applications. Which of the following is not done routinely at present?

Accepted Answer

A)  production of hormones for treating diabetes and dwarfism 
B)  production of microbes that can metabolize toxins 
C)  introduction of genetically engineered genes into human gametes 
D)  prenatal identification of genetic disease alleles 
E)  genetic testing for carriers of harmful alleles 
A)  production of hormones for treating diabetes and dwarfism 
B)  production of microbes that can metabolize toxins 
C)  introduction of genetically engineered genes into human gametes 
D)  prenatal identification of genetic disease alleles 
E)  genetic testing for carriers of harmful alleles

Question 5

The first cloned cat, called Carbon Copy, was a calico, but she looked significantly different from her female parent. Why?

Accepted Answer

A)  The environment, as well as genetics, affects phenotypic variation. 
B)  Fur color genes in cats are influenced by differential acetylation patterns. 
C)  Cloned animals have been found to have a higher frequency of transposon activation 
D)  X inactivation in the embryo is random and produces different patterns. 
E)  The telomeres of the parent's chromosomes were shorter than those of an embryo. 
A)  The environment, as well as genetics, affects phenotypic variation. 
B)  Fur color genes in cats are influenced by differential acetylation patterns. 
C)  Cloned animals have been found to have a higher frequency of transposon activation 
D)  X inactivation in the embryo is random and produces different patterns. 
E)  The telomeres of the parent's chromosomes were shorter than those of an embryo.

Question 6

In large scale, genome-wide association studies in humans, correlation is sought between

Accepted Answer

A)  lengthy sequences that might be shared by most members of a population. 
B)  single nucleotide polymorphisms found only in persons with a particular disorder. 
C)  single nucleotide polymorphisms found in families with a particular introns sequence. 
D)  single nucleotide polymorphisms in two or more adjacent genes. 
E)  large inversions that displace the centromere. 
A)  lengthy sequences that might be shared by most members of a population. 
B)  single nucleotide polymorphisms found only in persons with a particular disorder. 
C)  single nucleotide polymorphisms found in families with a particular introns sequence. 
D)  single nucleotide polymorphisms in two or more adjacent genes. 
E)  large inversions that displace the centromere.

Question 7

Which of the following describes the transfer of polypeptide sequences to a membrane to analyze gene expression?

Accepted Answer

A)  Southern blotting 
B)  Northern blotting 
C)  Western blotting 
D)  Eastern blotting 
E)  RT-PCR 
A)  Southern blotting 
B)  Northern blotting 
C)  Western blotting 
D)  Eastern blotting 
E)  RT-PCR

Question 8

Which of the following sequences in double-stranded DNA is most likely to be recognized as a cutting site for a restriction enzyme?

Accepted Answer

A)  AAGG
TTCC 
B)  AGTC
TCAG 
C)  GGCC
CCGG 
D)  ACCA
TGGT 
E)  AAAA
TTTT 
A)  AAGG
TTCC 
B)  AGTC
TCAG 
C)  GGCC
CCGG 
D)  ACCA
TGGT 
E)  AAAA
TTTT

Question 9

Silencing of selected genes is often done using RNA interference (RNAi). Which of the following questions would not be answered with this process?

Accepted Answer

A)  What is the function of gene 432 in this species of annelid? 
B)  What will happen in this insect's digestion if gene 173 is not able to be translated? 
C)  Is gene HA292 responsible for this disorder in humans? 
D)  Will the disabling of this gene in Drosophila and in a mouse cause similar results? 
E)  Is the gene on Drosophila chromosome 2L at this locus responsible for part of its production of nitrogen waste? 
A)  What is the function of gene 432 in this species of annelid? 
B)  What will happen in this insect's digestion if gene 173 is not able to be translated? 
C)  Is gene HA292 responsible for this disorder in humans? 
D)  Will the disabling of this gene in Drosophila and in a mouse cause similar results? 
E)  Is the gene on Drosophila chromosome 2L at this locus responsible for part of its production of nitrogen waste?

Question 10

In 1997, Dolly the sheep was cloned. Which of the following processes was used?

Accepted Answer

A)  use of mitochondrial DNA from adult female cells of another ewe 
B)  replication and dedifferentiation of adult stem cells from sheep bone marrow 
C)  separation of an early stage sheep blastula into separate cells, one of which was incubated in a surrogate ewe 
D)  fusion of an adult cell's nucleus with an enucleated sheep egg, followed by incubation in a surrogate 
E)  isolation of stem cells from a lamb embryo and production of a zygote equivalent 
A)  use of mitochondrial DNA from adult female cells of another ewe 
B)  replication and dedifferentiation of adult stem cells from sheep bone marrow 
C)  separation of an early stage sheep blastula into separate cells, one of which was incubated in a surrogate ewe 
D)  fusion of an adult cell's nucleus with an enucleated sheep egg, followed by incubation in a surrogate 
E)  isolation of stem cells from a lamb embryo and production of a zygote equivalent

Question 11

A researcher needs to clone a sequence of part of a eukaryotic genome in order to express the sequence and to modify the polypeptide product. She would be able to satisfy these requirements by using which of the following vectors?

Accepted Answer

A)  a bacterial plasmid 
B)  BAC to accommodate the size of the sequence 
C)  a modified bacteriophage 
D)  a human chromosome 
E)  a YAC with appropriate cellular enzymes 
A)  a bacterial plasmid 
B)  BAC to accommodate the size of the sequence 
C)  a modified bacteriophage 
D)  a human chromosome 
E)  a YAC with appropriate cellular enzymes

Question 12

Which of the following would not be true of cDNA produced using human brain tissue as the starting material?

Accepted Answer

A)  It could be amplified by the polymerase chain reaction. 
B)  It could be used to create a complete genomic library. 
C)  It was produced from mRNA using reverse transcriptase. 
D)  It could be used as a probe to detect genes expressed in the brain. 
E)  It lacks the introns of the human genes. 
A)  It could be amplified by the polymerase chain reaction. 
B)  It could be used to create a complete genomic library. 
C)  It was produced from mRNA using reverse transcriptase. 
D)  It could be used as a probe to detect genes expressed in the brain. 
E)  It lacks the introns of the human genes.

Question 13

Use the following information to answer the next few questions.
Pharmacogenetics is an increasingly important discipline that uses genetic information to tailor the prescription of drug treatments to individuals. In the case of chemotherapy for breast cancer, for example, different patients need and/or respond to different treatments.
-Breast tumor biopsy specimens can be typed for a number of gene expression patterns. Together, these can provide risk analysis for the likely aggressive growth and metastasis of the tumor. How can this most help the physician and patient?

Accepted Answer

A)  Some patients want to know as much as possible. 
B)  This can help them to decide whether and what kind of chemotherapy is warranted. 
C)  This can help them decide whether the tumor should be removed. 
D)  Some physicians may use the information to decide what to do, but not tell the patient. 
E)  This can help to aggregate health statistics. 
A)  Some patients want to know as much as possible. 
B)  This can help them to decide whether and what kind of chemotherapy is warranted. 
C)  This can help them decide whether the tumor should be removed. 
D)  Some physicians may use the information to decide what to do, but not tell the patient. 
E)  This can help to aggregate health statistics.

Question 14

Use the following information to answer the next few questions.
CML (chronic myelogenous leukemia) results from a translocation between human chromosomes 9 and 22. The resulting chromosome 22 is significantly shorter than usual, and it is known as a Philadelphia (Ph') chromosome. The junction at the site of the translocation causes overexpression of a thymine kinase receptor. A new drug (Gleevec or imatinib) has been found to inhibit the disease if the patient is treated early.
-Which of the following would be a reasonably efficient technique for confirming the diagnosis of CML?

Accepted Answer

A)  searching for the number of telomeric sequences on chromosome 22 
B)  looking for a Ph' chromosome in a peripheral blood smear 
C)  enzyme assay for thymine kinase activity 
D)  FISH study to determine the chromosomal location of all chromosome 22 fragments 
E)  identification of the disease phenotype in review of the patient's records 
A)  searching for the number of telomeric sequences on chromosome 22 
B)  looking for a Ph' chromosome in a peripheral blood smear 
C)  enzyme assay for thymine kinase activity 
D)  FISH study to determine the chromosomal location of all chromosome 22 fragments 
E)  identification of the disease phenotype in review of the patient's records

Question 15

Use the following information to answer the next few questions.
A group of six students has taken samples of their own cheek cells, purified the DNA, and used a restriction enzyme known to cut at zero, one, or two sites in a particular gene of interest.
-Why might they be conducting such an experiment?

Accepted Answer

A)  to find the location of this gene in the human genome 
B)  to prepare to isolate the chromosome on which the gene of interest is found 
C)  to find which of the students has which alleles 
D)  to collect population data that can be used to assess natural selection 
E)  to collect population data that can be used to study genetic drift 
A)  to find the location of this gene in the human genome 
B)  to prepare to isolate the chromosome on which the gene of interest is found 
C)  to find which of the students has which alleles 
D)  to collect population data that can be used to assess natural selection 
E)  to collect population data that can be used to study genetic drift

Question 16

Which of the following uses reverse transcriptase to make cDNA followed by amplification?

Accepted Answer

A)  Southern blotting 
B)  Northern blotting 
C)  Western blotting 
D)  Eastern blotting 
E)  RT-PCR 
A)  Southern blotting 
B)  Northern blotting 
C)  Western blotting 
D)  Eastern blotting 
E)  RT-PCR

Question 17

DNA microarrays have made a huge impact on genomic studies because they

Accepted Answer

A)  can be used to eliminate the function of any gene in the genome. 
B)  can be used to introduce entire genomes into bacterial cells. 
C)  allow the expression of many or even all of the genes in the genome to be compared at once. 
D)  allow physical maps of the genome to be assembled in a very short time. 
E)  dramatically enhance the efficiency of restriction enzymes. 
A)  can be used to eliminate the function of any gene in the genome. 
B)  can be used to introduce entire genomes into bacterial cells. 
C)  allow the expression of many or even all of the genes in the genome to be compared at once. 
D)  allow physical maps of the genome to be assembled in a very short time. 
E)  dramatically enhance the efficiency of restriction enzymes.

Question 18

Sequencing an entire genome, such as that of C. elegans, a nematode, is most important because

Accepted Answer

A)  it allows researchers to use the sequence to build a "better" nematode, which is resistant to disease. 
B)  it allows research on a group of organisms we do not usually care much about. 
C)  the nematode is a good animal model for trying out cures for viral illness. 
D)  a sequence that is found to have a particular function in the nematode is likely to have a closely related function in vertebrates. 
E)  a sequence that is found to have no introns in the nematode genome is likely to have acquired the introns from higher organisms. 
A)  it allows researchers to use the sequence to build a "better" nematode, which is resistant to disease. 
B)  it allows research on a group of organisms we do not usually care much about. 
C)  the nematode is a good animal model for trying out cures for viral illness. 
D)  a sequence that is found to have a particular function in the nematode is likely to have a closely related function in vertebrates. 
E)  a sequence that is found to have no introns in the nematode genome is likely to have acquired the introns from higher organisms.

Question 19

Use Figure 20.3 to answer the following questions. The DNA profiles that follow represent four different individuals.
   
Figure 20.3
-Which of the following statements is most likely true?

Accepted Answer

A)  D is the child of A and C. 
B)  D is the child of A and B. 
C)  D is the child of B and C. 
D)  A is the child of C and D. 
E)  B is the child of A and C. 
A)  D is the child of A and C. 
B)  D is the child of A and B. 
C)  D is the child of B and C. 
D)  A is the child of C and D. 
E)  B is the child of A and C.

Question 20

Use the following information to answer the next few questions.
A group of six students has taken samples of their own cheek cells, purified the DNA, and used a restriction enzyme known to cut at zero, one, or two sites in a particular gene of interest.
-Analysis of the data obtained shows that two students each have two fragments, two students each have three fragments, and two students each have one only. What does this demonstrate?

Accepted Answer

A)  Each pair of students has a different gene for this function. 
B)  The two students who have two fragments have one restriction site in this region. 
C)  The two students who have two fragments have two restriction sites within this gene. 
D)  The students with three fragments are said to have "fragile sites." 
E)  Each of these students is heterozygous for this gene. 
A)  Each pair of students has a different gene for this function. 
B)  The two students who have two fragments have one restriction site in this region. 
C)  The two students who have two fragments have two restriction sites within this gene. 
D)  The students with three fragments are said to have "fragile sites." 
E)  Each of these students is heterozygous for this gene.

Exam 20: Biotechnology

As genetic technology makes testing for a wide variety of genotypes possible, which of the following is likely to be an increasingly troublesome issue?

Use Figure 20.1 to answer the following question. Figure 20.1 -Which enzyme was used to produce the molecule in Figure 20.1?

DNA technology has many medical applications. Which of the following is not done routinely at present?

The first cloned cat, called Carbon Copy, was a calico, but she looked significantly different from her female parent. Why?

In large scale, genome-wide association studies in humans, correlation is sought between

Which of the following describes the transfer of polypeptide sequences to a membrane to analyze gene expression?

Which of the following sequences in double-stranded DNA is most likely to be recognized as a cutting site for a restriction enzyme?

Silencing of selected genes is often done using RNA interference (RNAi). Which of the following questions would not be answered with this process?

In 1997, Dolly the sheep was cloned. Which of the following processes was used?

A researcher needs to clone a sequence of part of a eukaryotic genome in order to express the sequence and to modify the polypeptide product. She would be able to satisfy these requirements by using which of the following vectors?

Which of the following would not be true of cDNA produced using human brain tissue as the starting material?

Which of the following uses reverse transcriptase to make cDNA followed by amplification?

DNA microarrays have made a huge impact on genomic studies because they

Sequencing an entire genome, such as that of C. elegans, a nematode, is most important because

Use Figure 20.3 to answer the following questions. The DNA profiles that follow represent four different individuals. Figure 20.3 -Which of the following statements is most likely true?

Introduction: Themes in the Study of Life

The Chemical Context of Life

Water and Life

Carbon and the Molecular Diversity of Life

The Structure and Function of Large Biological Molecules

A Tour of the Cell

Membrane Structure and Function

An Introduction to Metabolism

Cellular Respiration and Fermentation

Photosynthesis

Cell Communication

The Cell Cycle

Meiosis and Sexual Life Cycles

Mendel and the Gene Idea

The Chromosomal Basis of Inheritance

The Molecular Basis of Inheritance

From Gene to Protein

Regulation of Gene Expression

Viruses

Genomes and Their Evolution

Descent with Modification: A Darwinian View of Life

The Evolution of Populations

The Origin of Species

The History of Life on Earth

Phylogeny and the Tree of Life

Bacteria and Archaea

Protists

Plant Diversity I: How Plants Colonized Land

Plant Diversity II: The Evolution of Seed Plants

Fungi

An Overview of Animal Diversity

An Introduction to Invertebrates

The Origin and Evolution of Vertebrates

Plant Structure, Growth, and Development

Resource Acquisition and Transport in Vascular Plants

Soil and Plant Nutrition

Angiosperm Reproduction and Biotechnology

Plant Responses to Internal and External Signals

Basic Principles of Animal Form and Function

Animal Nutrition

Circulation and Gas Exchange

The Immune System

Osmoregulation and Excretion

Hormones and the Endocrine System

Animal Reproduction

Animal Development

Neurons, Synapses, and Signaling

Nervous Systems

Sensory and Motor Mechanisms

Animal Behavior

An Introduction to Ecology and the Biosphere

Population Ecology

Community Ecology

Ecosystems and Restoration Ecology

Conservation Biology and Global Change

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