Question 1

Recent evidence shows that signals from the extracellular matrix (ECM)can regulate the expression of genes in the cell nucleus. A likely mechanism is that

Accepted Answer

A)  mechanical signals of the ECM can alter the cytoskeleton, which can alter intracellular signaling. 
B)  intracellular signals might cause changes in the fibronectin binding to the cell surface. 
C)  orientation of microtubules to the ECM can change gene activity. 
D)  integrins that receive signals from the ECM migrate to the nucleus. 
E)  proteoglycans in the ECM undergo endocytosis and produce intracellular signaling molecules. 
A)  mechanical signals of the ECM can alter the cytoskeleton, which can alter intracellular signaling. 
B)  intracellular signals might cause changes in the fibronectin binding to the cell surface. 
C)  orientation of microtubules to the ECM can change gene activity. 
D)  integrins that receive signals from the ECM migrate to the nucleus. 
E)  proteoglycans in the ECM undergo endocytosis and produce intracellular signaling molecules.

Question 2

Ions can travel directly from the cytoplasm of one animal cell to the cytoplasm of an adjacent cell through

Accepted Answer

A)  plasmodesmata. 
B)  intermediate filaments. 
C)  tight junctions. 
D)  desmosomes. 
E)  gap junctions. 
A)  plasmodesmata. 
B)  intermediate filaments. 
C)  tight junctions. 
D)  desmosomes. 
E)  gap junctions.

Question 3

Which of the following is present in a prokaryotic cell?

Accepted Answer

A)  mitochondrion 
B)  ribosome 
C)  nuclear envelope 
D)  chloroplast 
E)  ER 
A)  mitochondrion 
B)  ribosome 
C)  nuclear envelope 
D)  chloroplast 
E)  ER

Question 4

Movement of vesicles within the cell depends on what cellular structures?

Accepted Answer

A)  microtubules and motor proteins 
B)  actin filaments and microtubules 
C)  actin filaments and ribosomes 
D)  centrioles and motor proteins 
E)  actin filaments and motor proteins 
A)  microtubules and motor proteins 
B)  actin filaments and microtubules 
C)  actin filaments and ribosomes 
D)  centrioles and motor proteins 
E)  actin filaments and motor proteins

Question 5

Large numbers of ribosomes are present in cells that specialize in producing which of the following molecules?

Accepted Answer

A)  lipids 
B)  glycogen 
C)  proteins 
D)  cellulose 
E)  nucleic acids 
A)  lipids 
B)  glycogen 
C)  proteins 
D)  cellulose 
E)  nucleic acids

Question 6

One of the key innovations in the evolution of eukaryotes from a prokaryotic ancestor is the endomembrane system. What eukaryotic organelles or features might have evolved as a part of, or as an elaboration of, the endomembrane system?

Accepted Answer

A)  plasma membrane 
B)  chloroplasts 
C)  mitochondria 
D)  nuclear envelope 
E)  none of these 
A)  plasma membrane 
B)  chloroplasts 
C)  mitochondria 
D)  nuclear envelope 
E)  none of these

Question 7

Which of the following produces and modifies polysaccharides that will be secreted?

Accepted Answer

A)  lysosome 
B)  vacuole 
C)  mitochondrion 
D)  Golgi apparatus 
E)  peroxisome 
A)  lysosome 
B)  vacuole 
C)  mitochondrion 
D)  Golgi apparatus 
E)  peroxisome

Question 8

In a plant cell, DNA may be found

Accepted Answer

A)  only in the nucleus. 
B)  only in the nucleus and mitochondria. 
C)  only in the nucleus and chloroplasts. 
D)  in the nucleus, mitochondria, and chloroplasts. 
E)  in the nucleus, mitochondria, chloroplasts, and peroxisomes. 
A)  only in the nucleus. 
B)  only in the nucleus and mitochondria. 
C)  only in the nucleus and chloroplasts. 
D)  in the nucleus, mitochondria, and chloroplasts. 
E)  in the nucleus, mitochondria, chloroplasts, and peroxisomes.

Question 9

ECM proteins are made by ribosomes in which part of a eukaryotic cell?

Accepted Answer

A)  mitochondria 
B)  cytoplasm 
C)  nuclear envelope 
D)  Golgi apparatus 
E)  rough ER 
A)  mitochondria 
B)  cytoplasm 
C)  nuclear envelope 
D)  Golgi apparatus 
E)  rough ER

Question 10

Which type of organelle is found in plant cells but not in animal cells?

Accepted Answer

A)  ribosomes 
B)  mitochondria 
C)  nuclei 
D)  plastids 
E)  none of these 
A)  ribosomes 
B)  mitochondria 
C)  nuclei 
D)  plastids 
E)  none of these

Question 11

The chemical reactions involved in respiration are virtually identical between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. In eukaryotic cells, ATP is synthesized primarily on the inner membrane of the mitochondria. In light of the endosymbiont theory for the evolutionary origin of mitochondria, where is most ATP synthesis likely to occur in prokaryotic cells?

Accepted Answer

A)  in the cytoplasm 
B)  on the inner mitochondrial membrane 
C)  on the endoplasmic reticulum 
D)  on the plasma membrane 
E)  on the inner nuclear envelope 
A)  in the cytoplasm 
B)  on the inner mitochondrial membrane 
C)  on the endoplasmic reticulum 
D)  on the plasma membrane 
E)  on the inner nuclear envelope

Question 12

Centrioles, cilia, flagella, and basal bodies have remarkably similar structural elements and arrangements. Which of the following hypotheses is most plausible in light of such structural similarities?

Accepted Answer

A)  Cilia and flagella arise from the centrioles. 
B)  Loss of basal bodies should lead to loss of all cilia, flagella, and centrioles. 
C)  Motor proteins such as dynein must have evolved before any of these four kinds of structure. 
D)  Cilia and flagella coevolved in the same ancestral eukaryotic organism. 
E)  Natural selection for cell motility repeatedly selected for microtubular arrays in circular patterns in the evolution of each of these structures. 
A)  Cilia and flagella arise from the centrioles. 
B)  Loss of basal bodies should lead to loss of all cilia, flagella, and centrioles. 
C)  Motor proteins such as dynein must have evolved before any of these four kinds of structure. 
D)  Cilia and flagella coevolved in the same ancestral eukaryotic organism. 
E)  Natural selection for cell motility repeatedly selected for microtubular arrays in circular patterns in the evolution of each of these structures.

Question 13

Which of the following correctly lists the order in which cellular components will be found in the pellet when homogenized cells are treated with increasingly rapid spins in a centrifuge?

Accepted Answer

A)  ribosomes, nucleus, mitochondria 
B)  chloroplasts, ribosomes, vacuoles 
C)  nucleus, ribosomes, chloroplasts 
D)  vacuoles, ribosomes, nucleus 
E)  nucleus, mitochondria, ribosomes 
A)  ribosomes, nucleus, mitochondria 
B)  chloroplasts, ribosomes, vacuoles 
C)  nucleus, ribosomes, chloroplasts 
D)  vacuoles, ribosomes, nucleus 
E)  nucleus, mitochondria, ribosomes

Question 14

Prokaryotes are classified as belonging to two different domains. What are the domains?

Accepted Answer

A)  Bacteria and Eukarya 
B)  Bacteria and Archaea 
C)  Archaea and Protista 
D)  Bacteria and Protista 
E)  Bacteria and Fungi 
A)  Bacteria and Eukarya 
B)  Bacteria and Archaea 
C)  Archaea and Protista 
D)  Bacteria and Protista 
E)  Bacteria and Fungi

Question 15

Which of the following statements about the cytoskeleton is true?

Accepted Answer

A)  The dynamic aspect of cytoskeletal function is made possible by the assembly and disassembly of a large variety of proteins into complex aggregates. 
B)  Microfilaments are structurally rigid and resist compression, whereas microtubules resist tension (stretching). 
C)  Movement of cilia and flagella is the result of motor proteins causing microtubules to move relative to each other. 
D)  Chemicals that block the assembly of the cytoskeleton would cause little effect on the cell's response to external signals and stimuli. 
E)  Transport vesicles among the membranes of the endomembrane system produce the cytoskeleton. 
A)  The dynamic aspect of cytoskeletal function is made possible by the assembly and disassembly of a large variety of proteins into complex aggregates. 
B)  Microfilaments are structurally rigid and resist compression, whereas microtubules resist tension (stretching). 
C)  Movement of cilia and flagella is the result of motor proteins causing microtubules to move relative to each other. 
D)  Chemicals that block the assembly of the cytoskeleton would cause little effect on the cell's response to external signals and stimuli. 
E)  Transport vesicles among the membranes of the endomembrane system produce the cytoskeleton.

Question 16

Which organelle is the primary site of ATP synthesis in eukaryotic cells?

Accepted Answer

A)  lysosome 
B)  vacuole 
C)  mitochondrion 
D)  Golgi apparatus 
E)  peroxisome 
A)  lysosome 
B)  vacuole 
C)  mitochondrion 
D)  Golgi apparatus 
E)  peroxisome

Question 17

The Golgi apparatus has a polarity or sidedness to its structure and function. Which of the following statements correctly describes this polarity?

Accepted Answer

A)  Transport vesicles fuse with one side of the Golgi and leave from the opposite side. 
B)  Proteins in the membrane of the Golgi may be sorted and modified as they move from one side of the Golgi to the other. 
C)  Lipids in the membrane of the Golgi may be sorted and modified as they move from one side of the Golgi to the other. 
D)  Soluble proteins in the cisternae (interior) of the Golgi may be sorted and modified as they move from one side of the Golgi to the other. 
E)  All of the above correctly describe polar characteristics of the Golgi function. 
A)  Transport vesicles fuse with one side of the Golgi and leave from the opposite side. 
B)  Proteins in the membrane of the Golgi may be sorted and modified as they move from one side of the Golgi to the other. 
C)  Lipids in the membrane of the Golgi may be sorted and modified as they move from one side of the Golgi to the other. 
D)  Soluble proteins in the cisternae (interior) of the Golgi may be sorted and modified as they move from one side of the Golgi to the other. 
E)  All of the above correctly describe polar characteristics of the Golgi function.

Question 18

Which type of organelle or structure is primarily involved in the synthesis of oils, phospholipids, and steroids?

Accepted Answer

A)  ribosome 
B)  lysosome 
C)  smooth endoplasmic reticulum 
D)  mitochondrion 
E)  contractile vacuole 
A)  ribosome 
B)  lysosome 
C)  smooth endoplasmic reticulum 
D)  mitochondrion 
E)  contractile vacuole

Question 19

Tay-Sachs disease is a human genetic abnormality that results in cells accumulating and becoming clogged with very large and complex lipids. Which cellular organelle must be involved in this condition?

Accepted Answer

A)  the endoplasmic reticulum 
B)  the Golgi apparatus 
C)  the lysosome 
D)  mitochondria 
E)  membrane-bound ribosomes 
A)  the endoplasmic reticulum 
B)  the Golgi apparatus 
C)  the lysosome 
D)  mitochondria 
E)  membrane-bound ribosomes

Question 20

The cell walls of bacteria, fungi, and plant cells and the extracellular matrix of animal cells are all external to the plasma membrane. Which of the following is a characteristic common to all of these extracellular structures?

Accepted Answer

A)  They must block water and small molecules in order to regulate the exchange of matter and energy with their environment. 
B)  They must permit information transfer between the cell's cytoplasm and the nucleus. 
C)  They must provide a rigid structure that maintains an appropriate ratio of cell surface area to volume. 
D)  They are constructed of polymers that are synthesized in the cytoplasm and then transported out of the cell. 
E)  They are composed of a mixture of lipids and carbohydrates. 
A)  They must block water and small molecules in order to regulate the exchange of matter and energy with their environment. 
B)  They must permit information transfer between the cell's cytoplasm and the nucleus. 
C)  They must provide a rigid structure that maintains an appropriate ratio of cell surface area to volume. 
D)  They are constructed of polymers that are synthesized in the cytoplasm and then transported out of the cell. 
E)  They are composed of a mixture of lipids and carbohydrates.

Exam 6: A Tour of the Cell

Recent evidence shows that signals from the extracellular matrix (ECM)can regulate the expression of genes in the cell nucleus. A likely mechanism is that

Ions can travel directly from the cytoplasm of one animal cell to the cytoplasm of an adjacent cell through

Which of the following is present in a prokaryotic cell?

Movement of vesicles within the cell depends on what cellular structures?

Large numbers of ribosomes are present in cells that specialize in producing which of the following molecules?

One of the key innovations in the evolution of eukaryotes from a prokaryotic ancestor is the endomembrane system. What eukaryotic organelles or features might have evolved as a part of, or as an elaboration of, the endomembrane system?

Which of the following produces and modifies polysaccharides that will be secreted?

In a plant cell, DNA may be found

ECM proteins are made by ribosomes in which part of a eukaryotic cell?

Which type of organelle is found in plant cells but not in animal cells?

Centrioles, cilia, flagella, and basal bodies have remarkably similar structural elements and arrangements. Which of the following hypotheses is most plausible in light of such structural similarities?

Which of the following correctly lists the order in which cellular components will be found in the pellet when homogenized cells are treated with increasingly rapid spins in a centrifuge?

Prokaryotes are classified as belonging to two different domains. What are the domains?

Which of the following statements about the cytoskeleton is true?

Which organelle is the primary site of ATP synthesis in eukaryotic cells?

The Golgi apparatus has a polarity or sidedness to its structure and function. Which of the following statements correctly describes this polarity?

Which type of organelle or structure is primarily involved in the synthesis of oils, phospholipids, and steroids?

Tay-Sachs disease is a human genetic abnormality that results in cells accumulating and becoming clogged with very large and complex lipids. Which cellular organelle must be involved in this condition?

The cell walls of bacteria, fungi, and plant cells and the extracellular matrix of animal cells are all external to the plasma membrane. Which of the following is a characteristic common to all of these extracellular structures?

Introduction: Themes in the Study of Life

The Chemical Context of Life

Water and Life

Carbon and the Molecular Diversity of Life

The Structure and Function of Large Biological Molecules

Membrane Structure and Function

An Introduction to Metabolism

Cellular Respiration and Fermentation

Photosynthesis

Cell Communication

The Cell Cycle

Meiosis and Sexual Life Cycles

Mendel and the Gene Idea

The Chromosomal Basis of Inheritance

The Molecular Basis of Inheritance

From Gene to Protein

Regulation of Gene Expression

Viruses

Biotechnology

Genomes and Their Evolution

Descent with Modification: A Darwinian View of Life

The Evolution of Populations

The Origin of Species

The History of Life on Earth

Phylogeny and the Tree of Life

Bacteria and Archaea

Protists

Plant Diversity I: How Plants Colonized Land

Plant Diversity II: The Evolution of Seed Plants

Fungi

An Overview of Animal Diversity

An Introduction to Invertebrates

The Origin and Evolution of Vertebrates

Plant Structure, Growth, and Development

Resource Acquisition and Transport in Vascular Plants

Soil and Plant Nutrition

Angiosperm Reproduction and Biotechnology

Plant Responses to Internal and External Signals

Basic Principles of Animal Form and Function

Animal Nutrition

Circulation and Gas Exchange

The Immune System

Osmoregulation and Excretion

Hormones and the Endocrine System

Animal Reproduction

Animal Development

Neurons, Synapses, and Signaling

Nervous Systems

Sensory and Motor Mechanisms

Animal Behavior

An Introduction to Ecology and the Biosphere

Population Ecology

Community Ecology

Ecosystems and Restoration Ecology

Conservation Biology and Global Change

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