Question 1

Enthalpy is ________.

Accepted Answer

A) the energy available to do work 
B) the total energy content of a system 
C) named after J. Willard Gibbs 
D) the energy available to do work and the total energy content of a system 
E) All of these are correct. 
A) the energy available to do work 
B) the total energy content of a system 
C) named after J. Willard Gibbs 
D) the energy available to do work and the total energy content of a system 
E) All of these are correct.

Question 2

Which scenario does NOT describe an increase in entropy within the system described?

Accepted Answer

A) dissolving table salt in warm water 
B) running a steam engine on a cold day 
C) observing an ice cube on a hot summer's day 
D) observing an ice cube at absolute 0 K 
A) dissolving table salt in warm water 
B) running a steam engine on a cold day 
C) observing an ice cube on a hot summer's day 
D) observing an ice cube at absolute 0 K

Question 3

Fluorescein 18 emission from tumor cells is detected by _________________ detector.

Accepted Answer

A) an X-ray 
B) a photon 
C) a positron 
D) an electron 
A) an X-ray 
B) a photon 
C) a positron 
D) an electron

Question 4

In cells relying exclusively upon glycolysis and substrate-level phosphorylation for ATP production, why is the production of reduced intermediates from pyruvate so essential?

Accepted Answer

A) Reduction of pyruvate also allows for the reduction of NADH, providing NAD+ which is an essential substrate for the activity of glyceraldehyde phosphate dehydrogenase. 
B) Reduction of pyruvate allows for the oxidation of NADH, providing NAD+ which is an essential substrate for the activity of glyceraldehyde phosphate dehydrogenase. 
C) Reduction of pyruvate also allows for the reduction of NADH, providing NAD+ which is an essential substrate for the activity of triose phosphate isomerase. 
D) Reduction of pyruvate allows for the oxidation of NADH, providing NAD+ which is an essential substrate for the activity of triose phosphate isomerase. 
A) Reduction of pyruvate also allows for the reduction of NADH, providing NAD+ which is an essential substrate for the activity of glyceraldehyde phosphate dehydrogenase. 
B) Reduction of pyruvate allows for the oxidation of NADH, providing NAD+ which is an essential substrate for the activity of glyceraldehyde phosphate dehydrogenase. 
C) Reduction of pyruvate also allows for the reduction of NADH, providing NAD+ which is an essential substrate for the activity of triose phosphate isomerase. 
D) Reduction of pyruvate allows for the oxidation of NADH, providing NAD+ which is an essential substrate for the activity of triose phosphate isomerase.

Question 5

An enzyme has a KM of 20 µM and a Vmax of 50 mmoles of product/minute/µg of enzyme. After exposure to an inhibitor and analysis on a Lineweaver-Burk plot the following values are obtained: -1/ KM = - 0.03 liters/µmole and 1/ Vmax = 0.02 (mmoles of product/minute/µg of enzyme)-1. What kind of inhibitor was used in the experiment and what data interpretation supports this conclusion?

Accepted Answer

A) noncompetitive inhibitor because the KM has remained the same and the Vmax has decreased 
B) competitive inhibitor because the KM has remained the same and the Vmax has decreased 
C) noncompetitive inhibitor because the KM has increased and the Vmax has decreased 
D) competitive inhibitor because the KM has increased and the Vmax remains the same 
A) noncompetitive inhibitor because the KM has remained the same and the Vmax has decreased 
B) competitive inhibitor because the KM has remained the same and the Vmax has decreased 
C) noncompetitive inhibitor because the KM has increased and the Vmax has decreased 
D) competitive inhibitor because the KM has increased and the Vmax remains the same

Question 6

When using 2-[18F] fluoro-2-deoxy-D-glucose (FDG)uptake by tumor cells to detect cancerous masses, fluorescein 18 decays releasing __________. This in turn reacts with __________ and releases pairs of _________________ which are ultimately detected by the diagnostic scanner.

Accepted Answer

A) an electron, a positron, photons 
B) a positron, an electron, photons 
C) a photon, an electron, positrons 
D) a photon, a positron, electrons 
A) an electron, a positron, photons 
B) a positron, an electron, photons 
C) a photon, an electron, positrons 
D) a photon, a positron, electrons

Question 7

What molecule type other than protein has been observed to have catalytic activity?

Accepted Answer

A) carbohydrates 
B) lipids 
C) RNA 
D) DNA 
A) carbohydrates 
B) lipids 
C) RNA 
D) DNA

Question 8

A reaction involving the gain of one or more electrons is _________ reaction.

Accepted Answer

A) an oxidation 
B) a reduction 
C) an inclusion 
D) an elimination 
A) an oxidation 
B) a reduction 
C) an inclusion 
D) an elimination

Question 9

A reaction vessel is cold to the touch and the reaction results in an increase in order of the products inside the reaction vessel. Which statement correctly confirms whether or not the reaction is spontaneous and explains why?

Accepted Answer

A) The reaction is exothermic (-$\Delta$H)as demonstrated by the cold reaction vessel and entropy is increased (+$\Delta$S). The reaction has a negative $\Delta$G and is, therefore, spontaneous. 
B) The reaction is endothermic (+$\Delta$H)as demonstrated by the cold reaction vessel and entropy is decreased (-$\Delta$S). The reaction therefore has a positive $\Delta$G and is, therefore nonspontaneous. 
C) The reaction is exothermic (+$\Delta$H)as demonstrated by the cold reaction vessel and entropy is increased (-$\Delta$S). The reaction has a positive $\Delta$G and is, therefore, spontaneous. 
D) The reaction is endothermic (-$\Delta$H)as demonstrated by the cold reaction vessel and entropy is increased (+$\Delta$S). The reaction has a positive $\Delta$G and is, therefore, nonspontaneous. 
A) The reaction is exothermic (-$\Delta$H)as demonstrated by the cold reaction vessel and entropy is increased (+$\Delta$S). The reaction has a negative $\Delta$G and is, therefore, spontaneous. 
B) The reaction is endothermic (+$\Delta$H)as demonstrated by the cold reaction vessel and entropy is decreased (-$\Delta$S). The reaction therefore has a positive $\Delta$G and is, therefore nonspontaneous. 
C) The reaction is exothermic (+$\Delta$H)as demonstrated by the cold reaction vessel and entropy is increased (-$\Delta$S). The reaction has a positive $\Delta$G and is, therefore, spontaneous. 
D) The reaction is endothermic (-$\Delta$H)as demonstrated by the cold reaction vessel and entropy is increased (+$\Delta$S). The reaction has a positive $\Delta$G and is, therefore, nonspontaneous.

Question 10

Given the equation $\Delta$G = $\Delta$H - T$\Delta$S, which set of conditions would result in a reaction that is unambiguously nonspontaneous?

Accepted Answer

A) entropy decreases and the reaction is endothermic 
B) entropy increases and the reaction is exothermic 
C) entropy stays the same and there is no change in enthalpy 
D) entropy decreases and the reaction is exothermic 
E) entropy increases and the reaction is endothermic 
A) entropy decreases and the reaction is endothermic 
B) entropy increases and the reaction is exothermic 
C) entropy stays the same and there is no change in enthalpy 
D) entropy decreases and the reaction is exothermic 
E) entropy increases and the reaction is endothermic

Question 11

Penicillin fits into the active site of transpeptidases and acts as what kind of inhibitor?

Accepted Answer

A) irreversible and noncompetitive 
B) reversible only 
C) competitive and irreversible 
D) reversible and noncompetitive 
E) None of these are correct. 
A) irreversible and noncompetitive 
B) reversible only 
C) competitive and irreversible 
D) reversible and noncompetitive 
E) None of these are correct.

Question 12

The statement that events in the universe proceed from a state of higher energy to one of lower energy describes the_____________________.

Accepted Answer

A) first law of thermodynamics 
B) second law of thermodynamics 
C) third law of thermodynamics 
D) fourth law of thermodynamics 
A) first law of thermodynamics 
B) second law of thermodynamics 
C) third law of thermodynamics 
D) fourth law of thermodynamics

Question 13

Which factors distinguish substrate-level phosphorylation from oxidative phosphorylation? Select the INCORRECT response.

Accepted Answer

A) substrate-level phosphorylation is catalyzed by an enzyme while oxidative phosphorylation requires an electron transport chain 
B) substrate-level phosphorylation uses ATP as the source of the phosphate group while oxidative phosphorylation uses Pi 
C) substrate-level phosphorylation uses a glycolytic intermediate as the source of the phosphate group while oxidative phosphorylation uses Pi 
D) substrate-level phosphorylation takes place in an aqueous environment while oxidative phosphorylation requires a hydrophobic environment. 
A) substrate-level phosphorylation is catalyzed by an enzyme while oxidative phosphorylation requires an electron transport chain 
B) substrate-level phosphorylation uses ATP as the source of the phosphate group while oxidative phosphorylation uses Pi 
C) substrate-level phosphorylation uses a glycolytic intermediate as the source of the phosphate group while oxidative phosphorylation uses Pi 
D) substrate-level phosphorylation takes place in an aqueous environment while oxidative phosphorylation requires a hydrophobic environment.

Question 14

The first law of thermodynamics states that ________________:

Accepted Answer

A) energy can be created and transduced from one form to another 
B) energy can be destroyed and can be transduced from one form to another 
C) energy cannot be created or destroyed and cannot be transduced from one form to another 
D) energy cannot be created or destroyed but can be transduced from one form to another 
A) energy can be created and transduced from one form to another 
B) energy can be destroyed and can be transduced from one form to another 
C) energy cannot be created or destroyed and cannot be transduced from one form to another 
D) energy cannot be created or destroyed but can be transduced from one form to another

Question 15

What kind of enzyme adds phosphate groups to enzymes for the purpose of activating or deactivating them?

Accepted Answer

A) phosphatases 
B) protein kinases 
C) flippases 
D) glycosyltransferases 
E) carboxypeptidase 
A) phosphatases 
B) protein kinases 
C) flippases 
D) glycosyltransferases 
E) carboxypeptidase

Question 16

Possible fermentation products include all of the following EXCEPT:

Accepted Answer

A) lactate produced in mammalian muscle cells 
B) ethanol produced in mammalian muscle cells 
C) ethanol produced in yeast cells 
D) ATP produced in yeast cells 
A) lactate produced in mammalian muscle cells 
B) ethanol produced in mammalian muscle cells 
C) ethanol produced in yeast cells 
D) ATP produced in yeast cells

Question 17

You are a researcher trying to design an enzyme inhibitor for a particular enzyme. Which molecule should your inhibitor most closely resemble for the most effective inhibition to take place?

Accepted Answer

A) the enzyme's final product 
B) the enzyme's initial substrate 
C) the transition state intermediate produced during enzyme-substrate interaction 
D) the transition state intermediate produced during enzyme-product release 
A) the enzyme's final product 
B) the enzyme's initial substrate 
C) the transition state intermediate produced during enzyme-substrate interaction 
D) the transition state intermediate produced during enzyme-product release

Question 18

What kind of organism reaches equilibrium?

Accepted Answer

A) one that is actively metabolizing 
B) one with a low metabolic rate 
C) a dead organism 
D) a eukaryote 
E) a prokaryote 
A) one that is actively metabolizing 
B) one with a low metabolic rate 
C) a dead organism 
D) a eukaryote 
E) a prokaryote

Question 19

The existence of ________ motion in proteins suggests that enzymes are capable - even in the absence of substrate - of many of the same movements that can be detected during their catalytic cycle.

Accepted Answer

A) extrinsic 
B) intrinsic 
C) instant 
D) built-in 
E) intrinsic and built-in 
A) extrinsic 
B) intrinsic 
C) instant 
D) built-in 
E) intrinsic and built-in

Question 20

The environment within an enzyme's active site tends to have ______________ characteristics.

Accepted Answer

A) acidic 
B) hydrophilic 
C) basic 
D) hydrophobic 
A) acidic 
B) hydrophilic 
C) basic 
D) hydrophobic

Enthalpy is ________.

Which scenario does NOT describe an increase in entropy within the system described?

Fluorescein 18 emission from tumor cells is detected by _________________ detector.

In cells relying exclusively upon glycolysis and substrate-level phosphorylation for ATP production, why is the production of reduced intermediates from pyruvate so essential?

When using 2-[¹⁸F] fluoro-2-deoxy-D-glucose (FDG)uptake by tumor cells to detect cancerous masses, fluorescein 18 decays releasing . This in turn reacts with and releases pairs of _________ which are ultimately detected by the diagnostic scanner.

What molecule type other than protein has been observed to have catalytic activity?

A reaction involving the gain of one or more electrons is _________ reaction.

A reaction vessel is cold to the touch and the reaction results in an increase in order of the products inside the reaction vessel. Which statement correctly confirms whether or not the reaction is spontaneous and explains why?

Given the equation $\Delta$ G = $\Delta$ H - T $\Delta$ S, which set of conditions would result in a reaction that is unambiguously nonspontaneous?

Penicillin fits into the active site of transpeptidases and acts as what kind of inhibitor?

The statement that events in the universe proceed from a state of higher energy to one of lower energy describes the_____________________.

Which factors distinguish substrate-level phosphorylation from oxidative phosphorylation? Select the INCORRECT response.

The first law of thermodynamics states that ________________:

What kind of enzyme adds phosphate groups to enzymes for the purpose of activating or deactivating them?

Possible fermentation products include all of the following EXCEPT:

You are a researcher trying to design an enzyme inhibitor for a particular enzyme. Which molecule should your inhibitor most closely resemble for the most effective inhibition to take place?

What kind of organism reaches equilibrium?

The existence of ________ motion in proteins suggests that enzymes are capable - even in the absence of substrate - of many of the same movements that can be detected during their catalytic cycle.

The environment within an enzyme's active site tends to have ______________ characteristics.

Introduction to the Study of Cell and Molecular Biology

The Chemical Basis of Life

The Structure and Function of the Plasma Membrane

Aerobic Respiration and the Mitochondrion

Photosynthesis and the Chloroplast

Interactions Between Cells and Their Environment

Cytoplasmic Membrane Systems: Structure, Function, and Membrane Trafficking

The Cytoskeleton and Cell Motility

The Nature of the Gene and the Genome

Gene Expression: From Transcription to Translation

Control of Gene Expression

Dna Replication and Repair

Cellular Reproduction

Cell Signaling and Signal Transduction: Communication Between Cells

Cancer

The Immune Response

Techniques in Cell and Molecular Biology

Filters

Exam 3: Bioenergetics, Enzymes and Metabolism

Enthalpy is ________.

Which scenario does NOT describe an increase in entropy within the system described?

Fluorescein 18 emission from tumor cells is detected by _________________ detector.

In cells relying exclusively upon glycolysis and substrate-level phosphorylation for ATP production, why is the production of reduced intermediates from pyruvate so essential?

When using 2-[18F] fluoro-2-deoxy-D-glucose (FDG)uptake by tumor cells to detect cancerous masses, fluorescein 18 decays releasing __________. This in turn reacts with __________ and releases pairs of _________________ which are ultimately detected by the diagnostic scanner.

What molecule type other than protein has been observed to have catalytic activity?

A reaction involving the gain of one or more electrons is _________ reaction.

A reaction vessel is cold to the touch and the reaction results in an increase in order of the products inside the reaction vessel. Which statement correctly confirms whether or not the reaction is spontaneous and explains why?

Given the equation Δ\DeltaΔ G = Δ\DeltaΔ H - T Δ\DeltaΔ S, which set of conditions would result in a reaction that is unambiguously nonspontaneous?

Penicillin fits into the active site of transpeptidases and acts as what kind of inhibitor?

The statement that events in the universe proceed from a state of higher energy to one of lower energy describes the_____________________.

Which factors distinguish substrate-level phosphorylation from oxidative phosphorylation? Select the INCORRECT response.

The first law of thermodynamics states that ________________:

What kind of enzyme adds phosphate groups to enzymes for the purpose of activating or deactivating them?

Possible fermentation products include all of the following EXCEPT:

You are a researcher trying to design an enzyme inhibitor for a particular enzyme. Which molecule should your inhibitor most closely resemble for the most effective inhibition to take place?

What kind of organism reaches equilibrium?

The existence of ________ motion in proteins suggests that enzymes are capable - even in the absence of substrate - of many of the same movements that can be detected during their catalytic cycle.

The environment within an enzyme's active site tends to have ______________ characteristics.

Introduction to the Study of Cell and Molecular Biology

The Chemical Basis of Life

The Structure and Function of the Plasma Membrane

Aerobic Respiration and the Mitochondrion

Photosynthesis and the Chloroplast

Interactions Between Cells and Their Environment

Cytoplasmic Membrane Systems: Structure, Function, and Membrane Trafficking

The Cytoskeleton and Cell Motility

The Nature of the Gene and the Genome

Gene Expression: From Transcription to Translation

Control of Gene Expression

Dna Replication and Repair

Cellular Reproduction

Cell Signaling and Signal Transduction: Communication Between Cells

Cancer

The Immune Response

Techniques in Cell and Molecular Biology

Filters

When using 2-[¹⁸F] fluoro-2-deoxy-D-glucose (FDG)uptake by tumor cells to detect cancerous masses, fluorescein 18 decays releasing . This in turn reacts with and releases pairs of _________ which are ultimately detected by the diagnostic scanner.

Given the equation $\Delta$ G = $\Delta$ H - T $\Delta$ S, which set of conditions would result in a reaction that is unambiguously nonspontaneous?