Question 1

In the 1980s, researchers found that the manipulation of Agrobacterium tumor-inducing genes had broader value in

Accepted Answer

A) genetic modification of economically important crops to improve quality and yield. 
B) eradicating weeds that are harmful to desirable crop growth. 
C) identification of cancer causing genes in humans. 
D) All of the answers are correct. 
A) genetic modification of economically important crops to improve quality and yield. 
B) eradicating weeds that are harmful to desirable crop growth. 
C) identification of cancer causing genes in humans. 
D) All of the answers are correct.

Question 2

How many chromosomes would a sexually-reproducing organism with 6 chromosomes in generation 0 have in generation 4 if there are reduction divisions in meiosis?

Accepted Answer

A) 6 
B) 12 
C) 24 
D) 48 
E) 96 
A) 6 
B) 12 
C) 24 
D) 48 
E) 96

Question 3

What evidence supports the Ohno suggestion about vertebrate evolution from ancestral invertebrates by whole-genome duplication?

Accepted Answer

A) Modern vertebrates have four times the number of certain groups of genes compared to their homologues in amphioxus. 
B) Modern vertebrates and amphioxus have exactly the same number of certain groups of genes. 
C) Modern vertebrates have six times the number of certain groups of genes compared to their homologues in amphioxus. 
D) Amphioxus has four times the number of certain groups of genes compared to their homologues in modern vertebrates. 
E) Amphioxus has eight times the number of certain groups of genes compared to their homologues in modern vertebrates. 
A) Modern vertebrates have four times the number of certain groups of genes compared to their homologues in amphioxus. 
B) Modern vertebrates and amphioxus have exactly the same number of certain groups of genes. 
C) Modern vertebrates have six times the number of certain groups of genes compared to their homologues in amphioxus. 
D) Amphioxus has four times the number of certain groups of genes compared to their homologues in modern vertebrates. 
E) Amphioxus has eight times the number of certain groups of genes compared to their homologues in modern vertebrates.

Question 4

The globin gene cluster contains stretches of DNA that are homologous to the sequences of functional globin genes, but contain severe accumulated mutations that render them nonfunctional. Most of these noncoding regions have no known function. They are considered to be evolutionary relics and are called _________.

Accepted Answer

A) reliquaries 
B) pseudoemissaries 
C) pseudogenes 
D) pseudoproteins 
E) pseudoglobins 
A) reliquaries 
B) pseudoemissaries 
C) pseudogenes 
D) pseudoproteins 
E) pseudoglobins

Question 5

The labeled, single-stranded DNAs used to localize the positions of specific complementary DNA sequences within the chromosomes in in situ hybridization studies are called _______.

Accepted Answer

A) altoids 
B) probatives 
C) probes 
D) bindins 
E) prorbs 
A) altoids 
B) probatives 
C) probes 
D) bindins 
E) prorbs

Question 6

What causes unequal crossing over?

Accepted Answer

A) A pair of homologous chromosomes align perfectly during meiosis followed by genetic exchange. 
B) A pair of homologous chromosomes aligns imperfectly during meiosis followed by genetic exchange. 
C) Sections of the chromosome are replicated spontaneously. 
D) Pieces of chromosomes are translocated from one place to another. 
A) A pair of homologous chromosomes align perfectly during meiosis followed by genetic exchange. 
B) A pair of homologous chromosomes aligns imperfectly during meiosis followed by genetic exchange. 
C) Sections of the chromosome are replicated spontaneously. 
D) Pieces of chromosomes are translocated from one place to another.

Question 7

Which type of enzyme is essential for processes like DNA replication and transcription to prevent excessive supercoiling from developing as the complementary strands of the DNA duplex separate and unwind?

Accepted Answer

A) topoisomerase 
B) telomerase 
C) topologicase 
D) helicase 
E) isomerase 
A) topoisomerase 
B) telomerase 
C) topologicase 
D) helicase 
E) isomerase

Question 8

A significant proportion of functional DNA sequences are __________ and thus are _______ parts of the genome.

Accepted Answer

A) duplicated, highly conserved 
B) constantly evolving, not highly conserved 
C) constantly evolving, highly conserved 
D) invariant, not highly conserved 
E) duplicated, invariant 
A) duplicated, highly conserved 
B) constantly evolving, not highly conserved 
C) constantly evolving, highly conserved 
D) invariant, not highly conserved 
E) duplicated, invariant

Question 9

Why is it thought that certain primitive fish diverged from vertebrates before the globin gene was first duplicated?

Accepted Answer

A) The fish are very old. 
B) The fish do not have any hemoglobin. 
C) The hemoglobin of the fish consists of 8 polypeptide subunits. 
D) These fish have only one globin gene instead of multiple globin genes, suggesting that they diverged from other vertebrates before the first duplication of the globin gene. 
E) These fish have four globin genes instead of a single globin gene, suggesting they diverged from other vertebrates before the first duplication of the globin gene. 
A) The fish are very old. 
B) The fish do not have any hemoglobin. 
C) The hemoglobin of the fish consists of 8 polypeptide subunits. 
D) These fish have only one globin gene instead of multiple globin genes, suggesting that they diverged from other vertebrates before the first duplication of the globin gene. 
E) These fish have four globin genes instead of a single globin gene, suggesting they diverged from other vertebrates before the first duplication of the globin gene.

Question 10

Which phrase below describes the structure of hemoglobin?

Accepted Answer

A) either an $\alpha$-globin or a$\beta$-globin chain 
B) an $\alpha$-globin and a $\beta$-globin chain 
C) two $\alpha$-globin and two $\beta$-globin chains 
D) three $\alpha$-globin chains and one $\beta$-globin chain 
E) four $\alpha$-globin or four $\beta$-globin chains 
A) either an $\alpha$-globin or a$\beta$-globin chain 
B) an $\alpha$-globin and a $\beta$-globin chain 
C) two $\alpha$-globin and two $\beta$-globin chains 
D) three $\alpha$-globin chains and one $\beta$-globin chain 
E) four $\alpha$-globin or four $\beta$-globin chains

Question 11

Which type of DNA sequence is typified by short sequences of DNA (five to a few hundred base pairs in length)repeated a large number of times in tandem to form very large clusters, each containing up to several million base pairs of DNA?

Accepted Answer

A) satellite DNAs 
B) minisatellite DNAs 
C) microsatellite DNAs 
D) consensus sequences 
E) microminisatellite DNAs 
A) satellite DNAs 
B) minisatellite DNAs 
C) microsatellite DNAs 
D) consensus sequences 
E) microminisatellite DNAs

Question 12

Which term is an accurate description of a linkage group, as it was first described by Sutton?

Accepted Answer

A) a group of genes carried on the same chromosome 
B) a pair of alleles carried on the same homologous chromosome pair 
C) a group of chromosomes found in a gamete 
D) a group of chromosomes found in a fertilized egg 
A) a group of genes carried on the same chromosome 
B) a pair of alleles carried on the same homologous chromosome pair 
C) a group of chromosomes found in a gamete 
D) a group of chromosomes found in a fertilized egg

Question 13

Which word below refers to a pair of homologous chromosomes?

Accepted Answer

A) chromophores 
B) bivalent 
C) birefringence 
D) bilateral 
E) nucleolus 
A) chromophores 
B) bivalent 
C) birefringence 
D) bilateral 
E) nucleolus

Question 14

Which part of the cell behaves in a way corresponding to the behavior of Mendel's genetic factors?

Accepted Answer

A) mitochondria 
B) endoplasmic reticulum 
C) homologous pairs of chromosomes 
D) homologous pairs of centrioles 
E) nucleolus 
A) mitochondria 
B) endoplasmic reticulum 
C) homologous pairs of chromosomes 
D) homologous pairs of centrioles 
E) nucleolus

Question 15

What is the name of chromosomes that have as many as 1024 times the number of DNA strands usually present?

Accepted Answer

A) polymorphic chromosomes 
B) polytene chromosomes 
C) homologous chromosomes 
D) heterozygous chromosomes 
E) papillosomes 
A) polymorphic chromosomes 
B) polytene chromosomes 
C) homologous chromosomes 
D) heterozygous chromosomes 
E) papillosomes

Question 16

Which polyploidization mechanism is thought to occur most often in plants?

Accepted Answer

A) Two related species mate, forming an organism with the combined chromosomes from both parents. 
B) A single-celled embryo duplicates its chromosomes, but they are not separated into separate cells and remain in a single cell that develops into a viable embryo. 
C) Chromosomes spontaneously split down the middle during the G1 portion of the cell cycle. 
D) Plants form a syncytium. 
E) There is a spontaneous duplication of chromosomes at random. 
A) Two related species mate, forming an organism with the combined chromosomes from both parents. 
B) A single-celled embryo duplicates its chromosomes, but they are not separated into separate cells and remain in a single cell that develops into a viable embryo. 
C) Chromosomes spontaneously split down the middle during the G1 portion of the cell cycle. 
D) Plants form a syncytium. 
E) There is a spontaneous duplication of chromosomes at random.

Question 17

When a gene has been duplicated one or more times, what are the possible things that can happen to the duplicated gene?

Accepted Answer

A) The duplicated gene can accumulate favorable mutations and acquire a new function. 
B) The duplicated gene can be lost through deletion. 
C) The duplicated gene can be rendered nonfunctional by unfavorable mutations. 
D) If there are two copies of the gene, both could undergo mutation so that each evolves a more specialized function than the original gene. 
E) All of these are correct. 
A) The duplicated gene can accumulate favorable mutations and acquire a new function. 
B) The duplicated gene can be lost through deletion. 
C) The duplicated gene can be rendered nonfunctional by unfavorable mutations. 
D) If there are two copies of the gene, both could undergo mutation so that each evolves a more specialized function than the original gene. 
E) All of these are correct.

Question 18

Which type of enzyme makes a transient break in both DNA duplex strands and then transports another segment of a DNA molecule (or separate molecule entirely)through the break and reseals the severed strands?

Accepted Answer

A) Type I topoisomerase 
B) Type II topoisomerase 
C) Type I topologicase 
D) Type II topologicase 
E) Type I isomerase 
A) Type I topoisomerase 
B) Type II topoisomerase 
C) Type I topologicase 
D) Type II topologicase 
E) Type I isomerase

Question 19

Current estimates place the number of protein-coding human genes in the neighborhood of _______.

Accepted Answer

A) 100,000 
B) 30,000 
C) 20,000 
D) 75,000 
E) 5,000 
A) 100,000 
B) 30,000 
C) 20,000 
D) 75,000 
E) 5,000

Question 20

When a gene is duplicated one or more times, it gives rise to a group of genes that may diverge by mutation, but their sequences will generally remain closely related and they will encode similar polypeptides. The genes produced in this way can be referred to as ________.

Accepted Answer

A) isotopes 
B) isomers 
C) isosceles 
D) gene families 
E) gene isoforms 
A) isotopes 
B) isomers 
C) isosceles 
D) gene families 
E) gene isoforms

In the 1980s, researchers found that the manipulation of Agrobacterium tumor-inducing genes had broader value in

How many chromosomes would a sexually-reproducing organism with 6 chromosomes in generation 0 have in generation 4 if there are reduction divisions in meiosis?

What evidence supports the Ohno suggestion about vertebrate evolution from ancestral invertebrates by whole-genome duplication?

The labeled, single-stranded DNAs used to localize the positions of specific complementary DNA sequences within the chromosomes in in situ hybridization studies are called _______.

What causes unequal crossing over?

Which type of enzyme is essential for processes like DNA replication and transcription to prevent excessive supercoiling from developing as the complementary strands of the DNA duplex separate and unwind?

A significant proportion of functional DNA sequences are ____ and thus are _ parts of the genome.

Why is it thought that certain primitive fish diverged from vertebrates before the globin gene was first duplicated?

Which phrase below describes the structure of hemoglobin?

Which type of DNA sequence is typified by short sequences of DNA (five to a few hundred base pairs in length)repeated a large number of times in tandem to form very large clusters, each containing up to several million base pairs of DNA?

Which term is an accurate description of a linkage group, as it was first described by Sutton?

Which word below refers to a pair of homologous chromosomes?

Which part of the cell behaves in a way corresponding to the behavior of Mendel's genetic factors?

What is the name of chromosomes that have as many as 1024 times the number of DNA strands usually present?

Which polyploidization mechanism is thought to occur most often in plants?

When a gene has been duplicated one or more times, what are the possible things that can happen to the duplicated gene?

Which type of enzyme makes a transient break in both DNA duplex strands and then transports another segment of a DNA molecule (or separate molecule entirely)through the break and reseals the severed strands?

Current estimates place the number of protein-coding human genes in the neighborhood of _______.

When a gene is duplicated one or more times, it gives rise to a group of genes that may diverge by mutation, but their sequences will generally remain closely related and they will encode similar polypeptides. The genes produced in this way can be referred to as ________.

Introduction to the Study of Cell and Molecular Biology

The Chemical Basis of Life

Bioenergetics, Enzymes and Metabolism

The Structure and Function of the Plasma Membrane

Aerobic Respiration and the Mitochondrion

Photosynthesis and the Chloroplast

Interactions Between Cells and Their Environment

Cytoplasmic Membrane Systems: Structure, Function, and Membrane Trafficking

The Cytoskeleton and Cell Motility

Gene Expression: From Transcription to Translation

Control of Gene Expression

Dna Replication and Repair

Cellular Reproduction

Cell Signaling and Signal Transduction: Communication Between Cells

Cancer

The Immune Response

Techniques in Cell and Molecular Biology

Filters

Exam 10: The Nature of the Gene and the Genome

In the 1980s, researchers found that the manipulation of Agrobacterium tumor-inducing genes had broader value in

How many chromosomes would a sexually-reproducing organism with 6 chromosomes in generation 0 have in generation 4 if there are reduction divisions in meiosis?

What evidence supports the Ohno suggestion about vertebrate evolution from ancestral invertebrates by whole-genome duplication?

The labeled, single-stranded DNAs used to localize the positions of specific complementary DNA sequences within the chromosomes in in situ hybridization studies are called _______.

What causes unequal crossing over?

Which type of enzyme is essential for processes like DNA replication and transcription to prevent excessive supercoiling from developing as the complementary strands of the DNA duplex separate and unwind?

A significant proportion of functional DNA sequences are __________ and thus are _______ parts of the genome.

Why is it thought that certain primitive fish diverged from vertebrates before the globin gene was first duplicated?

Which phrase below describes the structure of hemoglobin?

Which type of DNA sequence is typified by short sequences of DNA (five to a few hundred base pairs in length)repeated a large number of times in tandem to form very large clusters, each containing up to several million base pairs of DNA?

Which term is an accurate description of a linkage group, as it was first described by Sutton?

Which word below refers to a pair of homologous chromosomes?

Which part of the cell behaves in a way corresponding to the behavior of Mendel's genetic factors?

What is the name of chromosomes that have as many as 1024 times the number of DNA strands usually present?

Which polyploidization mechanism is thought to occur most often in plants?

When a gene has been duplicated one or more times, what are the possible things that can happen to the duplicated gene?

Which type of enzyme makes a transient break in both DNA duplex strands and then transports another segment of a DNA molecule (or separate molecule entirely)through the break and reseals the severed strands?

Current estimates place the number of protein-coding human genes in the neighborhood of _______.

When a gene is duplicated one or more times, it gives rise to a group of genes that may diverge by mutation, but their sequences will generally remain closely related and they will encode similar polypeptides. The genes produced in this way can be referred to as ________.

Introduction to the Study of Cell and Molecular Biology

The Chemical Basis of Life

Bioenergetics, Enzymes and Metabolism

The Structure and Function of the Plasma Membrane

Aerobic Respiration and the Mitochondrion

Photosynthesis and the Chloroplast

Interactions Between Cells and Their Environment

Cytoplasmic Membrane Systems: Structure, Function, and Membrane Trafficking

The Cytoskeleton and Cell Motility

Gene Expression: From Transcription to Translation

Control of Gene Expression

Dna Replication and Repair

Cellular Reproduction

Cell Signaling and Signal Transduction: Communication Between Cells

Cancer

The Immune Response

Techniques in Cell and Molecular Biology

Filters

A significant proportion of functional DNA sequences are ____ and thus are _ parts of the genome.