Question 1

An individual with poor vitamin A status would have a _____ RDR than someone with a good vitamin A status.

Accepted Answer

A)  greater 
B)  lesser 
A)  greater 
B)  lesser

Question 2

Which of the carotenoid pigments has the greatest vitamin A activity?

Accepted Answer

A)  alpha-carotene 
B)  beta-carotene 
C)  gamma-carotene 
D)  delta-carotene 
A)  alpha-carotene 
B)  beta-carotene 
C)  gamma-carotene 
D)  delta-carotene

Question 3

Formation of retinol from beta-carotene requires the presence of what B vitamin?

Accepted Answer

A)  ascorbic acid 
B)  folic acid 
C)  niacin 
D)  pyridoxal phosphate 
A)  ascorbic acid 
B)  folic acid 
C)  niacin 
D)  pyridoxal phosphate

Question 4

Dietary cholecalciferol must be further hydroxylated in order to be active vitamin D. The first hydroxylation occurs in the _____ to produce _____.

Accepted Answer

A)  liver, 25-hydroxycholecalciferol 
B)  kidney, 25-hydroxycholecalciferol 
C)  skin, 7-dehydrocholesterol 
D)  kidney, 1-hydrocholesterol 
A)  liver, 25-hydroxycholecalciferol 
B)  kidney, 25-hydroxycholecalciferol 
C)  skin, 7-dehydrocholesterol 
D)  kidney, 1-hydrocholesterol

Question 5

Within the nucleus, all trans-retinoic acid and/or 9-cis retinoic acid binds to _____.

Accepted Answer

A)  nuclear retinoic acid receptors 
B)  mannosylated glycoproteins 
C)  cell aggregates 
D)  transcription factors 
A)  nuclear retinoic acid receptors 
B)  mannosylated glycoproteins 
C)  cell aggregates 
D)  transcription factors

Question 6

Which is retinoic acid?

Accepted Answer

A)  A 
B)  B 
C)  C 
D)  D 
E)  E 
A)  A 
B)  B 
C)  C 
D)  D 
E)  E

Question 7

Which vitamin directs cellular differentiation of epithelial cells?

Accepted Answer

A)  riboflavin 
B)  vitamin K 
C)  vitamin E 
D)  vitamin A 
A)  riboflavin 
B)  vitamin K 
C)  vitamin E 
D)  vitamin A

Question 8

Why is retinoic acid considered a hormone?

Accepted Answer

A)  It has receptors on the nucleus and causes a change in protein synthesis. 
B)  It has a biologic function similar to insulin. 
C)  It is synthesized in the same tissue that it affects. 
D)  It causes the catabolism (break down) of body proteins. 
A)  It has receptors on the nucleus and causes a change in protein synthesis. 
B)  It has a biologic function similar to insulin. 
C)  It is synthesized in the same tissue that it affects. 
D)  It causes the catabolism (break down) of body proteins.

Question 9

The majority of vitamin A is stored in the liver, while carotenoids are stored mainly in the _____ tissue.

Accepted Answer

A)  muscle 
B)  eye 
C)  adipose 
D)  skin 
A)  muscle 
B)  eye 
C)  adipose 
D)  skin

Question 10

Where would you find retinoid X receptors (RXR)?

Accepted Answer

A)  cytosol 
B)  nucleus 
C)  mitochondria 
D)  none of the above 
A)  cytosol 
B)  nucleus 
C)  mitochondria 
D)  none of the above

Question 11

The vitamin D response element (VDRE) is found

Accepted Answer

A)  on the enterocyte membrane. 
B)  on the renal tubule. 
C)  in the nucleus. 
D)  in the pancreatic duct cell. 
A)  on the enterocyte membrane. 
B)  on the renal tubule. 
C)  in the nucleus. 
D)  in the pancreatic duct cell.

Question 12

How will retinol, once secreted from the liver, be found in the blood?

Accepted Answer

A)  attached to RBP and transthyretin 
B)  attached to albumin 
C)  attached to a chylomicron 
D)  attached to RBP and stellate cells 
A)  attached to RBP and transthyretin 
B)  attached to albumin 
C)  attached to a chylomicron 
D)  attached to RBP and stellate cells

Question 13

Choose the non-genomic effect of vitamin D.

Accepted Answer

A)  increased synthesis of calbindin 
B)  bone accretion 
C)  rapid calcium absorption 
D)  intracellular cytosolic signal transduction 
A)  increased synthesis of calbindin 
B)  bone accretion 
C)  rapid calcium absorption 
D)  intracellular cytosolic signal transduction

Question 14

Choose the correct statement about the quenching of singlet oxygen by carotenoids.

Accepted Answer

A)  Carotenoids donate an electron to the singlet oxygen to make it stable. 
B)  Carotenoids covalently bond with the singlet oxygen to make it stable. 
C)  Carotenoids donate energy so that the excited electron returns to its orbital. 
D)  Carotenoids absorb the extra energy that is held by the singlet oxygen. 
A)  Carotenoids donate an electron to the singlet oxygen to make it stable. 
B)  Carotenoids covalently bond with the singlet oxygen to make it stable. 
C)  Carotenoids donate energy so that the excited electron returns to its orbital. 
D)  Carotenoids absorb the extra energy that is held by the singlet oxygen.

Question 15

Which of the following is needed for the visual cycle?

Accepted Answer

A)  11-cis retinal 
B)  9-cis retinoic acid 
C)  lycopene 
D)  cryptoxanthin 
A)  11-cis retinal 
B)  9-cis retinoic acid 
C)  lycopene 
D)  cryptoxanthin

Question 16

What form of vitamin D is the major circulating form with a half-life of approximately 3 weeks?

Accepted Answer

A)  calcidiol 
B)  calcitriol 
C)  cholecalciferol 
D)  vitamin D2 
A)  calcidiol 
B)  calcitriol 
C)  cholecalciferol 
D)  vitamin D2

Question 17

Would you recommend β-carotene supplementation to a smoker to decrease risk to lung cancer?

Accepted Answer

A)  Yes-β-carotene can quench singlet oxygen. 
B)  Yes-smoking increases free radical formation; β-carotene can decrease free radicals. 
C)  No-β-carotene supplements may be harmful to smokers and are their use is not advised for the general public. 
D)  No-β-carotene supplements can cause a vitamin A toxicity and liver cirrhosis. 
A)  Yes-β-carotene can quench singlet oxygen. 
B)  Yes-smoking increases free radical formation; β-carotene can decrease free radicals. 
C)  No-β-carotene supplements may be harmful to smokers and are their use is not advised for the general public. 
D)  No-β-carotene supplements can cause a vitamin A toxicity and liver cirrhosis.

An individual with poor vitamin A status would have a _____ RDR than someone with a good vitamin A status.

Which of the carotenoid pigments has the greatest vitamin A activity?

Formation of retinol from beta-carotene requires the presence of what B vitamin?

Dietary cholecalciferol must be further hydroxylated in order to be active vitamin D. The first hydroxylation occurs in the _ to produce _.

Within the nucleus, all trans-retinoic acid and/or 9-cis retinoic acid binds to _____.

Which is retinoic acid?

Which vitamin directs cellular differentiation of epithelial cells?

Why is retinoic acid considered a hormone?

The majority of vitamin A is stored in the liver, while carotenoids are stored mainly in the _____ tissue.

Where would you find retinoid X receptors (RXR)?

The vitamin D response element (VDRE) is found

How will retinol, once secreted from the liver, be found in the blood?

Choose the non-genomic effect of vitamin D.

Choose the correct statement about the quenching of singlet oxygen by carotenoids.

Which of the following is needed for the visual cycle?

What form of vitamin D is the major circulating form with a half-life of approximately 3 weeks?

Would you recommend β-carotene supplementation to a smoker to decrease risk to lung cancer?

The Cell: a Microcosm of Life

The Digestive System:mechanism for Nourishing the Body

Carbohydrates

Fiber

Lipids

Protein

Integration and Regulation of Metabolismand the Impact of Exercise and Sport

Body Composition, Energy Expenditure, and Energy Balance

Water-Soluble Vitamins

Major Minerals

Water and Electrolytes

Essential Trace and Ultratrace Minerals

Nonessential Trace and Ultratrace Minerals

Filters

Exam 10: Fat-Soluble Vitamins

An individual with poor vitamin A status would have a _____ RDR than someone with a good vitamin A status.

Which of the carotenoid pigments has the greatest vitamin A activity?

Formation of retinol from beta-carotene requires the presence of what B vitamin?

Dietary cholecalciferol must be further hydroxylated in order to be active vitamin D. The first hydroxylation occurs in the _____ to produce _____.

Within the nucleus, all trans-retinoic acid and/or 9-cis retinoic acid binds to _____.

Which is retinoic acid?

Which vitamin directs cellular differentiation of epithelial cells?

Why is retinoic acid considered a hormone?

The majority of vitamin A is stored in the liver, while carotenoids are stored mainly in the _____ tissue.

Where would you find retinoid X receptors (RXR)?

The vitamin D response element (VDRE) is found

How will retinol, once secreted from the liver, be found in the blood?

Choose the non-genomic effect of vitamin D.

Choose the correct statement about the quenching of singlet oxygen by carotenoids.

Which of the following is needed for the visual cycle?

What form of vitamin D is the major circulating form with a half-life of approximately 3 weeks?

Would you recommend β-carotene supplementation to a smoker to decrease risk to lung cancer?

The Cell: a Microcosm of Life

The Digestive System:mechanism for Nourishing the Body

Carbohydrates

Fiber

Lipids

Protein

Integration and Regulation of Metabolismand the Impact of Exercise and Sport

Body Composition, Energy Expenditure, and Energy Balance

Water-Soluble Vitamins

Major Minerals

Water and Electrolytes

Essential Trace and Ultratrace Minerals

Nonessential Trace and Ultratrace Minerals

Filters

Dietary cholecalciferol must be further hydroxylated in order to be active vitamin D. The first hydroxylation occurs in the _ to produce _.