Question 1

The physical removal of dissolved or disaggregated rock from the site of weathering by wind, water, or ice is termed ________.

Accepted Answer

A)  ablation 
B)  recidivism 
C)  erosion 
D)  solifluction 
A)  ablation 
B)  recidivism 
C)  erosion 
D)  solifluction C

Question 2

What two factors speed up rates of chemical reaction and weathering in rocks and soils?

Accepted Answer

A)  warm temperatures; very moist 
B)  low temperatures; very dry 
C)  high temperatures; very dry 
D)  low temperatures; very moist 
A)  warm temperatures; very moist 
B)  low temperatures; very dry 
C)  high temperatures; very dry 
D)  low temperatures; very moist A

Question 3

In which area would weathering by frost wedging probably be most effective?

Accepted Answer

A)  in moist, temperate climates 
B)  in cool, high desert areas 
C)  where the subsoil is permanently frozen 
D)  in a moist, tropical forest 
A)  in moist, temperate climates 
B)  in cool, high desert areas 
C)  where the subsoil is permanently frozen 
D)  in a moist, tropical forest A

Question 4

How long do the acid generating gases from fossil fuel combustion remain in the lower levels of the atmosphere and how far do they travel?

Accepted Answer

A)  weeks to months; only locally 
B)  less than a few hours; a few kilometres 
C)  several years; around the world 
D)  a few hours to a few days; up to several thousand kilometres 
A)  weeks to months; only locally 
B)  less than a few hours; a few kilometres 
C)  several years; around the world 
D)  a few hours to a few days; up to several thousand kilometres

Question 5

In which of the following climates would rates of chemical weathering generally be highest?

Accepted Answer

A)  warm and moist 
B)  cold and moist 
C)  cold and dry 
D)  warm and dry 
A)  warm and moist 
B)  cold and moist 
C)  cold and dry 
D)  warm and dry

Question 6

Why is the humus layer typically thicker in a cool, temperate, forest soil than in a tropical rainforest soil?

Accepted Answer

A)  In a tropical rainforest, the forest- floor litter is often burned during the dry season. 
B)  Less humus is produced in the tropical rainforest because the B horizon is so poorly developed. 
C)  More humus is produced in the tropical rainforest, but it is quickly washed away by the heavy rains. 
D)  Less humus is produced in the cool, temperate forest but the rate of decay and oxidation is slower than in a tropical rainforest. 
A)  In a tropical rainforest, the forest- floor litter is often burned during the dry season. 
B)  Less humus is produced in the tropical rainforest because the B horizon is so poorly developed. 
C)  More humus is produced in the tropical rainforest, but it is quickly washed away by the heavy rains. 
D)  Less humus is produced in the cool, temperate forest but the rate of decay and oxidation is slower than in a tropical rainforest.

Question 7

Which of the following statements concerning humus is false?

Accepted Answer

A)  consists of decaying and partly decayed leaves and other plant materials 
B)  is less abundant in wet, tropical, forested areas than in temperate, forested areas 
C)  is readily leached from the B horizon in weakly acidic, soil solutions 
D)  is typically found above the B soil horizon 
A)  consists of decaying and partly decayed leaves and other plant materials 
B)  is less abundant in wet, tropical, forested areas than in temperate, forested areas 
C)  is readily leached from the B horizon in weakly acidic, soil solutions 
D)  is typically found above the B soil horizon

Question 8

________As increases the surface area of a rock or mineral, this allows_________ to occur at a faster rate.

Accepted Answer

A)  infernal weathering, mechanistic weathering 
B)  recrystallization, carnal weathering 
C)  mechanical weathering, chemical weathering 
D)  chemical weathering, mechanical weathering 
A)  infernal weathering, mechanistic weathering 
B)  recrystallization, carnal weathering 
C)  mechanical weathering, chemical weathering 
D)  chemical weathering, mechanical weathering

Question 9

Which of the following best describes the process of eluviation?

Accepted Answer

A)  buildup of calcite in the B horizon of pedocal soils 
B)  removal of soluble chemical constituents from the A and B soil horizons 
C)  Percolating water removes very fine- sized silt and clay particles from the A and E soil horizons. 
D)  feldspar decomposition and leaching of the soluble products from the C soil horizon 
A)  buildup of calcite in the B horizon of pedocal soils 
B)  removal of soluble chemical constituents from the A and B soil horizons 
C)  Percolating water removes very fine- sized silt and clay particles from the A and E soil horizons. 
D)  feldspar decomposition and leaching of the soluble products from the C soil horizon

Question 10

Caliche is an excessive accumulation of_________ .

Accepted Answer

A)  calcite in the E horizon of a pedalfer 
B)  clays in hardpan layers of a pedocal 
C)  calcium carbonate in the B horizon of a pedocal 
D)  clays in the A horizon of a laterite 
A)  calcite in the E horizon of a pedalfer 
B)  clays in hardpan layers of a pedocal 
C)  calcium carbonate in the B horizon of a pedocal 
D)  clays in the A horizon of a laterite

Question 11

Which one of the following is an important, mechanical weathering process for enlarging fractures and extending them deeper into large boulders and bedrock?

Accepted Answer

A)  frost wedging 
B)  eluviation 
C)  oxidation 
D)  hydrologic cycling 
A)  frost wedging 
B)  eluviation 
C)  oxidation 
D)  hydrologic cycling

Question 12

The principal causes of mechanical fragmentation of rocks in place are__________ .

Accepted Answer

A)  the relentless actions of Sisyphus 
B)  always inscrutable because they happened at some time in the past 
C)  erosion and transport by moving wind, water, or ice 
D)  biologic activity, expansion from unloading, frost wedging 
A)  the relentless actions of Sisyphus 
B)  always inscrutable because they happened at some time in the past 
C)  erosion and transport by moving wind, water, or ice 
D)  biologic activity, expansion from unloading, frost wedging

Question 13

Which of the following affects both the kind of soil and its rate of formation?

Accepted Answer

A)  meteorite showers 
B)  type of vegetation cover 
C)  sun spot activity 
D)  plants and animals, climate, and parent material 
A)  meteorite showers 
B)  type of vegetation cover 
C)  sun spot activity 
D)  plants and animals, climate, and parent material

Question 14

Which of the following describes a characteristic process in the formation of a pedalfer soil?

Accepted Answer

A)  Humus accumulates below the solum in the C horizon. 
B)  Soil bacteria produce organic acids that precipitate calcium carbonate in the B horizon. 
C)  Clays are eluviated upward from the C horizon. 
D)  Iron oxides and aluminum- rich clays are precipitated in the B horizon. 
A)  Humus accumulates below the solum in the C horizon. 
B)  Soil bacteria produce organic acids that precipitate calcium carbonate in the B horizon. 
C)  Clays are eluviated upward from the C horizon. 
D)  Iron oxides and aluminum- rich clays are precipitated in the B horizon.

Question 15

Which term describes a soil formed by weathering of the underlying bedrock?

Accepted Answer

A)  transubstantiated 
B)  residual 
C)  transported 
D)  relict 
A)  transubstantiated 
B)  residual 
C)  transported 
D)  relict

Question 16

What is represented by the A, E, B, and C soil horizons in luvisol, podsol, or chernozem?

Accepted Answer

A)  multiple caliche horizons 
B)  buried humus layers 
C)  an in situ response to an extended period of weathering 
D)  primary, depositional layering in a transported soil 
A)  multiple caliche horizons 
B)  buried humus layers 
C)  an in situ response to an extended period of weathering 
D)  primary, depositional layering in a transported soil

Question 17

Which is the common soil formed in dry young forest with long winters as in Yukon?

Accepted Answer

A)  brunisol 
B)  cryosol 
C)  podzol 
D)  gleysol 
A)  brunisol 
B)  cryosol 
C)  podzol 
D)  gleysol

Question 18

Which of the following statements concerning lateritic soils is generally false?

Accepted Answer

A)  They remain highly productive agriculturally without additions of fertilizers. 
B)  They consist of only the most insoluble, soil- forming minerals such as iron oxides, aluminum oxides, and clays. 
C)  They form in warm, moist, tropical climates. 
D)  They are mainly red in colour. 
A)  They remain highly productive agriculturally without additions of fertilizers. 
B)  They consist of only the most insoluble, soil- forming minerals such as iron oxides, aluminum oxides, and clays. 
C)  They form in warm, moist, tropical climates. 
D)  They are mainly red in colour.

Question 19

The three major processes involved in chemical weathering are_______ .

Accepted Answer

A)  carbonation, dissimulation, and salinization 
B)  recrystallization, pitting, and rinsing 
C)  precipitation, ion exchange reactions, and degasification 
D)  dissolution, hydrolysis, and oxidation 
A)  carbonation, dissimulation, and salinization 
B)  recrystallization, pitting, and rinsing 
C)  precipitation, ion exchange reactions, and degasification 
D)  dissolution, hydrolysis, and oxidation

Question 20

Which of the following statements about laterites or tropical rainforests is true?

Accepted Answer

A)  Laterites, with proper management, are very suitable for commercial agriculture. 
B)  Laterite soils readily compact and harden when dried and exposed to sunlight. 
C)  Laterite soils are very rich in nutrients required for vigorous plant growth. 
D)  Rainforests regenerate quickly following clear cutting or clearing for agriculture. 
A)  Laterites, with proper management, are very suitable for commercial agriculture. 
B)  Laterite soils readily compact and harden when dried and exposed to sunlight. 
C)  Laterite soils are very rich in nutrients required for vigorous plant growth. 
D)  Rainforests regenerate quickly following clear cutting or clearing for agriculture.

The physical removal of dissolved or disaggregated rock from the site of weathering by wind, water, or ice is termed ________.

What two factors speed up rates of chemical reaction and weathering in rocks and soils?

In which area would weathering by frost wedging probably be most effective?

How long do the acid generating gases from fossil fuel combustion remain in the lower levels of the atmosphere and how far do they travel?

In which of the following climates would rates of chemical weathering generally be highest?

Why is the humus layer typically thicker in a cool, temperate, forest soil than in a tropical rainforest soil?

Which of the following statements concerning humus is false?

As increases the surface area of a rock or mineral, this allows_ to occur at a faster rate.

Which of the following best describes the process of eluviation?

Caliche is an excessive accumulation of_________ .

Which one of the following is an important, mechanical weathering process for enlarging fractures and extending them deeper into large boulders and bedrock?

The principal causes of mechanical fragmentation of rocks in place are__________ .

Which of the following affects both the kind of soil and its rate of formation?

Which of the following describes a characteristic process in the formation of a pedalfer soil?

Which term describes a soil formed by weathering of the underlying bedrock?

What is represented by the A, E, B, and C soil horizons in luvisol, podsol, or chernozem?

Which is the common soil formed in dry young forest with long winters as in Yukon?

Which of the following statements concerning lateritic soils is generally false?

The three major processes involved in chemical weathering are_______ .

Which of the following statements about laterites or tropical rainforests is true?

An Introduction to Geology and Plate Tectonics

Minerals: the Building Blocks of Rocks

Igneous Rocks

Volcanoes and Volcanic Processes

Weathering and Soil

Sedimentary Rocks

Metamorphism and Metamorphic Rocks

Geologic Time

Crustal Deformation

Earthquakes and Earths Interior

The Ocean Floor

Plate Tectonics: the Framework for Modern Geology

Mountain Building and Continental Frameworks

Mass Wasting: the Work of Gravity

Running Water

Glaciers and Glaciation

Deserts and Winds

Shorelines

Mineral and Energy Resources

Filters

Exam 16: Groundwater

The physical removal of dissolved or disaggregated rock from the site of weathering by wind, water, or ice is termed ________.

What two factors speed up rates of chemical reaction and weathering in rocks and soils?

In which area would weathering by frost wedging probably be most effective?

How long do the acid generating gases from fossil fuel combustion remain in the lower levels of the atmosphere and how far do they travel?

In which of the following climates would rates of chemical weathering generally be highest?

Why is the humus layer typically thicker in a cool, temperate, forest soil than in a tropical rainforest soil?

Which of the following statements concerning humus is false?

________As increases the surface area of a rock or mineral, this allows_________ to occur at a faster rate.

Which of the following best describes the process of eluviation?

Caliche is an excessive accumulation of_________ .

Which one of the following is an important, mechanical weathering process for enlarging fractures and extending them deeper into large boulders and bedrock?

The principal causes of mechanical fragmentation of rocks in place are__________ .

Which of the following affects both the kind of soil and its rate of formation?

Which of the following describes a characteristic process in the formation of a pedalfer soil?

Which term describes a soil formed by weathering of the underlying bedrock?

What is represented by the A, E, B, and C soil horizons in luvisol, podsol, or chernozem?

Which is the common soil formed in dry young forest with long winters as in Yukon?

Which of the following statements concerning lateritic soils is generally false?

The three major processes involved in chemical weathering are_______ .

Which of the following statements about laterites or tropical rainforests is true?

An Introduction to Geology and Plate Tectonics

Minerals: the Building Blocks of Rocks

Igneous Rocks

Volcanoes and Volcanic Processes

Weathering and Soil

Sedimentary Rocks

Metamorphism and Metamorphic Rocks

Geologic Time

Crustal Deformation

Earthquakes and Earths Interior

The Ocean Floor

Plate Tectonics: the Framework for Modern Geology

Mountain Building and Continental Frameworks

Mass Wasting: the Work of Gravity

Running Water

Glaciers and Glaciation

Deserts and Winds

Shorelines

Mineral and Energy Resources

Filters

As increases the surface area of a rock or mineral, this allows_ to occur at a faster rate.