Exam 10: Survey Research

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1. Computerization: The 1960s and 1970s saw the widespread adoption of computers for data processing and analysis. This allowed for more complex survey designs and larger sample sizes, as well as more efficient data management.

2. Telephone surveys: The 1960s and 1970s saw the rise of telephone surveys as a popular method for data collection. This allowed for quicker data collection and reduced costs compared to in-person interviews, but also introduced new challenges such as non-response and coverage bias.

3. Sampling techniques: The development of new sampling techniques, such as stratified sampling and cluster sampling, allowed for more accurate and representative samples. This improved the quality of survey research by reducing sampling bias.

4. Social and cultural changes: The 1960s and 1970s were a time of significant social and cultural change, which affected the way people responded to surveys. For example, the civil rights movement and women's liberation movement led to changes in attitudes and behaviors that needed to be accounted for in survey research.

The impact of these changes on survey research was significant. Computerization allowed for more complex and efficient survey designs, leading to more accurate and reliable data. Telephone surveys provided a new method for data collection, but also introduced new challenges in terms of non-response and coverage bias. The development of new sampling techniques improved the representativeness of survey samples, leading to more accurate and generalizable results. Finally, the social and cultural changes of the time required researchers to adapt their survey methods to account for shifting attitudes and behaviors. Overall, these changes in the 1960s and 1970s had a lasting impact on survey research, leading to improvements in data quality and the ability to capture the changing social landscape.

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When organizing questions in a questionnaire, a researcher should consider various factors to minimize discomfort and confusion for the respondents. One important consideration is the order in which the questions are presented.

Order effects refer to the impact of question sequence on responses. To minimize order effects, researchers can use a funnel sequence, starting with broad, general questions before moving to more specific ones. This helps to ease respondents into the survey and prevents overwhelming them with complex or sensitive questions right at the beginning.

Context effects occur when the way a question is framed or the context in which it is presented influences the response. To minimize context effects, researchers should carefully consider the wording and phrasing of questions to ensure they are clear and unbiased. Additionally, providing relevant context or background information before asking a question can help respondents provide more accurate and informed answers.

The recency effect is the tendency for respondents to remember and prioritize information presented at the end of a questionnaire. To minimize the recency effect, researchers should be mindful of the placement of important or sensitive questions, ensuring they are not all grouped at the end of the survey. Distributing such questions throughout the questionnaire can help prevent respondents from giving disproportionate weight to the most recent questions.

In summary, organizing questions in a questionnaire involves considering order effects, using a funnel sequence, minimizing context effects, and addressing the recency effect. By carefully structuring the questionnaire and considering these factors, researchers can create a survey that minimizes discomfort and confusion for respondents, leading to more accurate and reliable data.