Question 1

The contraction of skeletal muscles is based on ________.

Accepted Answer

A)  myosin filaments coiling up to become shorter 
B)  actin and myosin filaments both coiling up to become shorter 
C)  actin cross-bridges binding to myosin and transitioning from a high-energy to a low-energy state 
D)  myosin cross-bridges binding to actin and transitioning from a high-energy to a low-energy state 
A)  myosin filaments coiling up to become shorter 
B)  actin and myosin filaments both coiling up to become shorter 
C)  actin cross-bridges binding to myosin and transitioning from a high-energy to a low-energy state 
D)  myosin cross-bridges binding to actin and transitioning from a high-energy to a low-energy state

Question 2

Use the figure to answer the following question.
 
The structure diagrammed in the figure is the ________.

Accepted Answer

A)  neuromast 
B)  statocyst 
C)  ommatidium 
D)  olfactory bulb 
A)  neuromast 
B)  statocyst 
C)  ommatidium 
D)  olfactory bulb

Question 3

A ball-and-socket joint connects ________.

Accepted Answer

A)  the radius to the ulna 
B)  the radius to the humerus 
C)  the ulna to the humerus 
D)  the humerus to the scapula 
A)  the radius to the ulna 
B)  the radius to the humerus 
C)  the ulna to the humerus 
D)  the humerus to the scapula

Question 4

The hydrostatic skeleton of the earthworm allows it to move around in its environment by ________.

Accepted Answer

A)  walking on its limbs 
B)  swimming with its setae 
C)  using peristaltic contractions of its circular and longitudinal muscles 
D)  alternating contractions and relaxations of its flagella 
A)  walking on its limbs 
B)  swimming with its setae 
C)  using peristaltic contractions of its circular and longitudinal muscles 
D)  alternating contractions and relaxations of its flagella

Question 5

In a mammalian visual system, visual information is integrated at ________.
I.the lens
II.the retina
III.the optic nerve
IV.the visual cortex

Accepted Answer

A)  I and II 
B)  only II 
C)  II, III, and IV 
D)  II and IV 
A)  I and II 
B)  only II 
C)  II, III, and IV 
D)  II and IV

Question 6

Which of the following sensory receptors is incorrectly paired with its category?

Accepted Answer

A)  hair cell-mechanoreceptor 
B)  snake pit organ-thermoreceptor 
C)  taste receptor-chemoreceptor 
D)  olfactory receptor-electromagnetic receptor 
A)  hair cell-mechanoreceptor 
B)  snake pit organ-thermoreceptor 
C)  taste receptor-chemoreceptor 
D)  olfactory receptor-electromagnetic receptor

Question 7

Methyl jasmonate is a plant-derived compound that blocks mosquito carbon dioxide receptors. What would you expect to happen if you applied this compound to your skin and then exposed yourself to a swarm of mosquitos?

Accepted Answer

A)  The mosquitos would be repelled and fly as far away as possible from you. 
B)  The mosquitos would lack an important piece of sensory information for finding a host, and so would be less likely to bite you. 
C)  You would be a more attractive host for the mosquitos. 
D)  There would be no difference in the behavior of the mosquitos; they rely on visual cues to find their hosts. 
A)  The mosquitos would be repelled and fly as far away as possible from you. 
B)  The mosquitos would lack an important piece of sensory information for finding a host, and so would be less likely to bite you. 
C)  You would be a more attractive host for the mosquitos. 
D)  There would be no difference in the behavior of the mosquitos; they rely on visual cues to find their hosts.

Question 8

The venom of cobras contains a mixture of substances that have a variety of physiological effects. One substance in the venom works by preventing acetylcholine from binding to muscle receptors. How does the venom affect the prey of the cobra?

Accepted Answer

A)  Action potentials would be continuously generated, causing convulsive muscle contractions. 
B)  Muscle contractions would be prevented, causing paralysis. 
C)  Muscle contractions could still occur, but relaxation of the muscle would be impaired. 
D)  Action potentials would be continuously generated, causing convulsive muscle contractions; muscle contractions would then be prevented, causing paralysis. 
A)  Action potentials would be continuously generated, causing convulsive muscle contractions. 
B)  Muscle contractions would be prevented, causing paralysis. 
C)  Muscle contractions could still occur, but relaxation of the muscle would be impaired. 
D)  Action potentials would be continuously generated, causing convulsive muscle contractions; muscle contractions would then be prevented, causing paralysis.

Question 9

Umami perception would be stimulated by ________.

Accepted Answer

A)  chocolate milk 
B)  a slice or roast beef 
C)  acidic orange juice 
D)  salt water 
A)  chocolate milk 
B)  a slice or roast beef 
C)  acidic orange juice 
D)  salt water

Question 10

Immediately after putting on a shirt, your skin might feel itchy. However, this perception soon fades due to ________.

Accepted Answer

A)  sensory adaptation 
B)  accommodation 
C)  reduced motor unit recruitment 
D)  reduced receptor amplification 
A)  sensory adaptation 
B)  accommodation 
C)  reduced motor unit recruitment 
D)  reduced receptor amplification

Question 11

Use the following information to answer the question.
"Marine cone snails from the genus Conus are estimated to consist of up to 700 species. These predatory molluscs have devised an efficient venom apparatus that allows them to successfully capture polychaete worms, other molluscs, or in some cases fish as their primary food sources. ?. . . conotoxins from Australian species of Conus . . . have the capacity to inhibit specifically the nicotinic acetylcholine receptors in higher animals." (B. G. Livett, K. R. Gayler, and Z. Khalil. 2004. Drugs from the sea: Conopeptides as potential therapeutics. Current Medicinal Chemistry 11:1715-23.)
What is the adaptive value of this toxin?
I.It would cause muscle spasms in the prey.
II.It would result in paralysis of the skeletal muscle of the prey.
III.It would stimulate digestive tract smooth muscle to cause nausea and vomiting of the prey.

Accepted Answer

A)  only I 
B)  only II 
C)  only III 
D)  only I and II 
A)  only I 
B)  only II 
C)  only III 
D)  only I and II

Question 12

Most of the chemosensory neurons arising in the nasal cavity have axonal projections that terminate in the ________.

Accepted Answer

A)  gustatory complex 
B)  olfactory bulb 
C)  occipital lobe 
D)  posterior pituitary gland 
A)  gustatory complex 
B)  olfactory bulb 
C)  occipital lobe 
D)  posterior pituitary gland

Question 13

A person able to hear only low-frequency sounds would probably have which of the following structural problems in the ear?

Accepted Answer

A)  The tympanum is damaged because of chronic ear infections. 
B)  The basilar membrane is stiffened along its entire length. 
C)  The ear ossicles are abnormally thickened. 
D)  There is a loss of hair cell function in the area closest to the oval window. 
A)  The tympanum is damaged because of chronic ear infections. 
B)  The basilar membrane is stiffened along its entire length. 
C)  The ear ossicles are abnormally thickened. 
D)  There is a loss of hair cell function in the area closest to the oval window.

Question 14

Artificial electrical stimulation of a human's menthol-sensitive neurons would likely produce the sensation of ________.

Accepted Answer

A)  cold temperature 
B)  hot temperature 
C)  odor of pepper 
D)  deep pressure 
A)  cold temperature 
B)  hot temperature 
C)  odor of pepper 
D)  deep pressure

Question 15

The transduction of sound waves into action potentials occurs

Accepted Answer

A)  in the tectorial membrane as it is stimulated by hair cells. 
B)  when hair cells are bent against the tectorial membrane, causing them to depolarize and release neurotransmitter that stimulates sensory neurons. 
C)  as the basilar membrane vibrates at different frequencies in response to the varying volume of sounds. 
D)  within the middle ear as the vibrations are amplified by the malleus, incus, and stapes. 
A)  in the tectorial membrane as it is stimulated by hair cells. 
B)  when hair cells are bent against the tectorial membrane, causing them to depolarize and release neurotransmitter that stimulates sensory neurons. 
C)  as the basilar membrane vibrates at different frequencies in response to the varying volume of sounds. 
D)  within the middle ear as the vibrations are amplified by the malleus, incus, and stapes.

Question 16

During the contraction of a vertebrate skeletal muscle fiber, calcium ions

Accepted Answer

A)  break cross-bridges as a cofactor in hydrolysis of ATP. 
B)  bind with troponin, changing its shape so that the myosin-binding sites on actin are exposed. 
C)  transmit action potentials from the motor neuron to the muscle fiber. 
D)  spread action potentials through the T tubules. 
A)  break cross-bridges as a cofactor in hydrolysis of ATP. 
B)  bind with troponin, changing its shape so that the myosin-binding sites on actin are exposed. 
C)  transmit action potentials from the motor neuron to the muscle fiber. 
D)  spread action potentials through the T tubules.

Question 17

The correct sequence of sensory processing is ________.

Accepted Answer

A)  sensory adaptation → stimulus reception → sensory transduction → sensory perception 
B)  stimulus reception → sensory transduction → sensory perception → sensory adaptation 
C)  sensory perception → stimulus reception → sensory transduction → sensory adaptation 
D)  stimulus reception → sensory perception → sensory adaptation → sensory transduction 
A)  sensory adaptation → stimulus reception → sensory transduction → sensory perception 
B)  stimulus reception → sensory transduction → sensory perception → sensory adaptation 
C)  sensory perception → stimulus reception → sensory transduction → sensory adaptation 
D)  stimulus reception → sensory perception → sensory adaptation → sensory transduction

Question 18

The conversion of a stimulus into an action potential by a receptor cell is called ________.

Accepted Answer

A)  integration 
B)  transmission 
C)  transduction 
D)  amplification 
A)  integration 
B)  transmission 
C)  transduction 
D)  amplification

Question 19

Rods exposed to light will ________.

Accepted Answer

A)  depolarize due to the opening of sodium channels 
B)  hyperpolarize due to the closing of sodium channels 
C)  depolarize due to the opening of potassium channels 
D)  hyperpolarize due to the closing of potassium channels 
A)  depolarize due to the opening of sodium channels 
B)  hyperpolarize due to the closing of sodium channels 
C)  depolarize due to the opening of potassium channels 
D)  hyperpolarize due to the closing of potassium channels

Question 20

Artificial electrical stimulation of a human's capsaicin-sensitive neurons would likely produce the sensation of ________.

Accepted Answer

A)  cold temperature 
B)  hot temperature 
C)  tactile stimulus 
D)  deep pressure 
A)  cold temperature 
B)  hot temperature 
C)  tactile stimulus 
D)  deep pressure

Exam 50: Sensory and Motor Mechanisms

The contraction of skeletal muscles is based on ________.

Use the figure to answer the following question. The structure diagrammed in the figure is the ________.

A ball-and-socket joint connects ________.

The hydrostatic skeleton of the earthworm allows it to move around in its environment by ________.

In a mammalian visual system, visual information is integrated at ________. I.the lens II.the retina III.the optic nerve IV.the visual cortex

Which of the following sensory receptors is incorrectly paired with its category?

Methyl jasmonate is a plant-derived compound that blocks mosquito carbon dioxide receptors. What would you expect to happen if you applied this compound to your skin and then exposed yourself to a swarm of mosquitos?

The venom of cobras contains a mixture of substances that have a variety of physiological effects. One substance in the venom works by preventing acetylcholine from binding to muscle receptors. How does the venom affect the prey of the cobra?

Umami perception would be stimulated by ________.

Immediately after putting on a shirt, your skin might feel itchy. However, this perception soon fades due to ________.

Most of the chemosensory neurons arising in the nasal cavity have axonal projections that terminate in the ________.

A person able to hear only low-frequency sounds would probably have which of the following structural problems in the ear?

Artificial electrical stimulation of a human's menthol-sensitive neurons would likely produce the sensation of ________.

The transduction of sound waves into action potentials occurs

During the contraction of a vertebrate skeletal muscle fiber, calcium ions

The correct sequence of sensory processing is ________.

The conversion of a stimulus into an action potential by a receptor cell is called ________.

Rods exposed to light will ________.

Artificial electrical stimulation of a human's capsaicin-sensitive neurons would likely produce the sensation of ________.

Evolution, the Themes of Biology, and Scientific Inquiry

The Chemical Context of Life

Water and Life

Carbon and the Molecular Diversity of Life

The Structure and Function of Large Biological Molecules

A Tour of the Cell

Membrane Structure and Function

An Introduction to Metabolism

Cellular Respiration and Fermentation

Photosynthesis

Cell Communication

The Cell Cycle

Meiosis and Sexual Life Cycles

Mendel and the Gene Idea

The Chromosomal Basis of Inheritance

The Molecular Basis of Inheritance

Gene Expression: From Gene to Protein

Regulation of Gene Expression

Viruses

DNA Tools and Biotechnology

Genomes and Their Evolution

Descent with Modification: A Darwinian View of Life

The Evolution of Populations

The Origin of Species

The History of Life on Earth

Phylogeny and the Tree of Life

Bacteria and Archaea

Protists

Plant Diversity I: How Plants Colonized Land

Plant Diversity II: The Evolution of Seed Plants

Fungi

An Overview of Animal Diversity

An Introduction to Invertebrates

The Origin and Evolution of Vertebrates

Vascular Plant Structure, Growth, and Development

Resource Acquisition and Transport in Vascular Plants

Soil and Plant Nutrition

Angiosperm Reproduction and Biotechnology

Plant Responses to Internal and External Signals

Basic Principles of Animal Form and Function

Animal Nutrition

Circulation and Gas Exchange

The Immune System

Osmoregulation and Excretion

Hormones and the Endocrine System

Animal Reproduction

Animal Development

Neurons, Synapses, and Signaling

Nervous Systems

Animal Behavior

An Introduction to Ecology and the Biosphere

Population Ecology

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Ecosystems and Restoration Ecology

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