Question 1

An example of antagonistic hormones controlling homeostasis is ________.

Accepted Answer

A)  thyroxine and parathyroid hormone in calcium balance 
B)  insulin and glucagon in glucose metabolism 
C)  progestins and estrogens in sexual differentiation 
D)  epinephrine and norepinephrine in fight-or-flight responses 
A)  thyroxine and parathyroid hormone in calcium balance 
B)  insulin and glucagon in glucose metabolism 
C)  progestins and estrogens in sexual differentiation 
D)  epinephrine and norepinephrine in fight-or-flight responses

Question 2

When a person drinks alcohol, the rate of urination increases. Which of the following best accounts for the increase in urination above normal rates?

Accepted Answer

A)  Alcohol stimulates the release of thyroid hormones. 
B)  Alcohol inhibits the release of ADH. 
C)  Alcohol inhibits the actions of calcitonin. 
D)  Alcohol stimulates the release of oxytocin which causes more water secretion. 
A)  Alcohol stimulates the release of thyroid hormones. 
B)  Alcohol inhibits the release of ADH. 
C)  Alcohol inhibits the actions of calcitonin. 
D)  Alcohol stimulates the release of oxytocin which causes more water secretion.

Question 3

Fight-or-flight reactions include activation of the ________.

Accepted Answer

A)  parathyroid glands, leading to increased metabolic rate 
B)  anterior pituitary gland, leading to cessation of gonadal function 
C)  adrenal medulla, leading to increased secretion of epinephrine 
D)  pancreas, leading to a reduction in the blood sugar concentration 
A)  parathyroid glands, leading to increased metabolic rate 
B)  anterior pituitary gland, leading to cessation of gonadal function 
C)  adrenal medulla, leading to increased secretion of epinephrine 
D)  pancreas, leading to a reduction in the blood sugar concentration

Question 4

In a lactating mammal, the two hormones that promote milk synthesis and milk release, respectively, are ________.

Accepted Answer

A)  prolactin and calcitonin 
B)  prolactin and oxytocin 
C)  follicle-stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone 
D)  luteinizing hormone and oxytocin 
A)  prolactin and calcitonin 
B)  prolactin and oxytocin 
C)  follicle-stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone 
D)  luteinizing hormone and oxytocin

Question 5

The relationship between the insect hormones ecdysteroid and PTTH is an example of ________.

Accepted Answer

A)  an interaction of the endocrine and nervous systems 
B)  competitive inhibition of a hormone receptor 
C)  how polypeptide-derived hormones have more widespread effects than steroid hormones 
D)  homeostasis maintained by antagonistic hormones 
A)  an interaction of the endocrine and nervous systems 
B)  competitive inhibition of a hormone receptor 
C)  how polypeptide-derived hormones have more widespread effects than steroid hormones 
D)  homeostasis maintained by antagonistic hormones

Question 6

Aspirin and ibuprofen both ________.

Accepted Answer

A)  inhibit the synthesis of prostaglandins 
B)  inhibit the release of nitric oxide, a potent vasodilator 
C)  activate the paracrine signaling pathways that form blood clots 
D)  stimulate vasoconstriction in the kidneys 
A)  inhibit the synthesis of prostaglandins 
B)  inhibit the release of nitric oxide, a potent vasodilator 
C)  activate the paracrine signaling pathways that form blood clots 
D)  stimulate vasoconstriction in the kidneys

Question 7

Growth factors are local regulators that

Accepted Answer

A)  are produced by the anterior pituitary. 
B)  are modified fatty acids that stimulate bone and cartilage growth. 
C)  are found on the surface of cancer cells and stimulate abnormal cell division. 
D)  bind to cell-surface receptors and stimulate growth and development of target cells. 
A)  are produced by the anterior pituitary. 
B)  are modified fatty acids that stimulate bone and cartilage growth. 
C)  are found on the surface of cancer cells and stimulate abnormal cell division. 
D)  bind to cell-surface receptors and stimulate growth and development of target cells.

Question 8

In response to stress, the adrenal gland promotes the synthesis of glucose from noncarbohydrate substrates via the action of the steroid hormone ________.

Accepted Answer

A)  estradiol 
B)  cortisol 
C)  thyroxine 
D)  adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) 
A)  estradiol 
B)  cortisol 
C)  thyroxine 
D)  adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

Question 9

Use the figure to answer the following question.
 
In an experiment, rats' ovaries were removed immediately after impregnation, and then the rats were divided into two groups. Treatments and results are summarized in the table. The results most likely occurred because progesterone exerts an effect on the ________.

Accepted Answer

A)  general health of the rat 
B)  metabolism of the uterus 
C)  gestation period of rats 
D)  number of eggs fertilized 
A)  general health of the rat 
B)  metabolism of the uterus 
C)  gestation period of rats 
D)  number of eggs fertilized

Question 10

The hypothalamus

Accepted Answer

A)  synthesizes all of the hormones produced by the pituitary gland. 
B)  influences the function of only one lobe of the pituitary gland. 
C)  produces only inhibitory hormones. 
D)  regulates both reproduction and body temperature. 
A)  synthesizes all of the hormones produced by the pituitary gland. 
B)  influences the function of only one lobe of the pituitary gland. 
C)  produces only inhibitory hormones. 
D)  regulates both reproduction and body temperature.

Question 11

Portal blood vessels connect two capillary beds found in the ________.

Accepted Answer

A)  hypothalamus and thalamus 
B)  anterior pituitary and posterior pituitary 
C)  hypothalamus and anterior pituitary 
D)  posterior pituitary and thyroid gland 
A)  hypothalamus and thalamus 
B)  anterior pituitary and posterior pituitary 
C)  hypothalamus and anterior pituitary 
D)  posterior pituitary and thyroid gland

Question 12

Oxytocin and antidiuretic hormone (ADH) are synthesized in the ________ but released from the ________.

Accepted Answer

A)  hypothalamus; posterior pituitary 
B)  adenohypophysis; posterior pituitary 
C)  posterior pituitary; anterior pituitary 
D)  hypothalamus; anterior pituitary 
A)  hypothalamus; posterior pituitary 
B)  adenohypophysis; posterior pituitary 
C)  posterior pituitary; anterior pituitary 
D)  hypothalamus; anterior pituitary

Question 13

What happens in a cell when adenylyl cyclase is activated?

Accepted Answer

A)  cAMP is created 
B)  cAMP is destroyed 
C)  G proteins bind to cAMP 
D)  steroid hormones pass through the lipid bilayer 
A)  cAMP is created 
B)  cAMP is destroyed 
C)  G proteins bind to cAMP 
D)  steroid hormones pass through the lipid bilayer

Question 14

Use the bar graph to answer the following question.
 
People who suffer from chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS) experience ongoing, debilitating fatigue. In one study, cortisol levels in the saliva during the first hour after waking were measured and compared between CFS patients and people without CFS (controls). The data is summarized in the graph. What can you infer from the data?

Accepted Answer

A)  A disruption to thyroid hormone production likely results in decreased cortisol in the saliva. 
B)  Cortisol is lower in CFS patients because they were just woken up. 
C)  The normal elevation in adrenocorticotropic hormone level in waking people is reduced in CFS patients. 
D)  CFS patients are generally more relaxed as demonstrated by their decreased stress response. 
A)  A disruption to thyroid hormone production likely results in decreased cortisol in the saliva. 
B)  Cortisol is lower in CFS patients because they were just woken up. 
C)  The normal elevation in adrenocorticotropic hormone level in waking people is reduced in CFS patients. 
D)  CFS patients are generally more relaxed as demonstrated by their decreased stress response.

Question 15

The steroid hormone aldosterone affects only a small number of cells in the body because ________.

Accepted Answer

A)  only target cells are exposed to aldosterone 
B)  only target cells contain aldosterone receptors 
C)  aldosterone is unable to enter nontarget cells 
D)  nontarget cells destroy aldosterone before it can produce any effect 
A)  only target cells are exposed to aldosterone 
B)  only target cells contain aldosterone receptors 
C)  aldosterone is unable to enter nontarget cells 
D)  nontarget cells destroy aldosterone before it can produce any effect

Question 16

When a steroid hormone and a polypeptide hormone exert similar effects on a population of target cells, then ________.

Accepted Answer

A)  the steroid and polypeptide hormones must use the same biochemical mechanisms 
B)  the steroid and polypeptide hormones must bind to the same receptor protein 
C)  the steroid hormones affect the synthesis of effector proteins, whereas polypeptide hormones activate effector proteins already present in the cell 
D)  the steroid hormones affect the activity of certain proteins within the cell, whereas polypeptide hormones directly affect the processing of mRNA 
A)  the steroid and polypeptide hormones must use the same biochemical mechanisms 
B)  the steroid and polypeptide hormones must bind to the same receptor protein 
C)  the steroid hormones affect the synthesis of effector proteins, whereas polypeptide hormones activate effector proteins already present in the cell 
D)  the steroid hormones affect the activity of certain proteins within the cell, whereas polypeptide hormones directly affect the processing of mRNA

Question 17

Removing which of the following glands would have the most wide-reaching effect on bodily functions of an adult human?

Accepted Answer

A)  adrenal glands 
B)  pituitary gland 
C)  thyroid gland 
D)  ovaries (in female) or testes (in male) 
A)  adrenal glands 
B)  pituitary gland 
C)  thyroid gland 
D)  ovaries (in female) or testes (in male)

Question 18

You are dissecting a fish in your biology laboratory section. Your teaching assistant points out a long oval structure and tells you it is an endocrine gland. Which of the following would you then know is a true statement about this structure?

Accepted Answer

A)  It secretes a product that is released through a series of ducts. 
B)  The gland's product will only interact with receptors on the cell membrane. 
C)  The gland's product is lipid soluble. 
D)  The gland produces and secretes its product into the blood. 
A)  It secretes a product that is released through a series of ducts. 
B)  The gland's product will only interact with receptors on the cell membrane. 
C)  The gland's product is lipid soluble. 
D)  The gland produces and secretes its product into the blood.

Question 19

A cell with membrane-bound proteins that selectively bind a specific hormone is called that hormone's ________.

Accepted Answer

A)  secretory cell 
B)  endocrine cell 
C)  target cell 
D)  regulatory cell 
A)  secretory cell 
B)  endocrine cell 
C)  target cell 
D)  regulatory cell

Question 20

Injury localized to the hypothalamus would most likely disrupt ________.

Accepted Answer

A)  short-term memory 
B)  coordination during locomotion 
C)  executive functions, such as decision making 
D)  regulation of water balance 
A)  short-term memory 
B)  coordination during locomotion 
C)  executive functions, such as decision making 
D)  regulation of water balance

Exam 45: Hormones and the Endocrine System

An example of antagonistic hormones controlling homeostasis is ________.

When a person drinks alcohol, the rate of urination increases. Which of the following best accounts for the increase in urination above normal rates?

Fight-or-flight reactions include activation of the ________.

In a lactating mammal, the two hormones that promote milk synthesis and milk release, respectively, are ________.

The relationship between the insect hormones ecdysteroid and PTTH is an example of ________.

Aspirin and ibuprofen both ________.

Growth factors are local regulators that

In response to stress, the adrenal gland promotes the synthesis of glucose from noncarbohydrate substrates via the action of the steroid hormone ________.

The hypothalamus

Portal blood vessels connect two capillary beds found in the ________.

Oxytocin and antidiuretic hormone (ADH) are synthesized in the ________ but released from the ________.

What happens in a cell when adenylyl cyclase is activated?

The steroid hormone aldosterone affects only a small number of cells in the body because ________.

When a steroid hormone and a polypeptide hormone exert similar effects on a population of target cells, then ________.

Removing which of the following glands would have the most wide-reaching effect on bodily functions of an adult human?

You are dissecting a fish in your biology laboratory section. Your teaching assistant points out a long oval structure and tells you it is an endocrine gland. Which of the following would you then know is a true statement about this structure?

A cell with membrane-bound proteins that selectively bind a specific hormone is called that hormone's ________.

Injury localized to the hypothalamus would most likely disrupt ________.

Evolution, the Themes of Biology, and Scientific Inquiry

The Chemical Context of Life

Water and Life

Carbon and the Molecular Diversity of Life

The Structure and Function of Large Biological Molecules

A Tour of the Cell

Membrane Structure and Function

An Introduction to Metabolism

Cellular Respiration and Fermentation

Photosynthesis

Cell Communication

The Cell Cycle

Meiosis and Sexual Life Cycles

Mendel and the Gene Idea

The Chromosomal Basis of Inheritance

The Molecular Basis of Inheritance

Gene Expression: From Gene to Protein

Regulation of Gene Expression

Viruses

DNA Tools and Biotechnology

Genomes and Their Evolution

Descent with Modification: A Darwinian View of Life

The Evolution of Populations

The Origin of Species

The History of Life on Earth

Phylogeny and the Tree of Life

Bacteria and Archaea

Protists

Plant Diversity I: How Plants Colonized Land

Plant Diversity II: The Evolution of Seed Plants

Fungi

An Overview of Animal Diversity

An Introduction to Invertebrates

The Origin and Evolution of Vertebrates

Vascular Plant Structure, Growth, and Development

Resource Acquisition and Transport in Vascular Plants

Soil and Plant Nutrition

Angiosperm Reproduction and Biotechnology

Plant Responses to Internal and External Signals

Basic Principles of Animal Form and Function

Animal Nutrition

Circulation and Gas Exchange

The Immune System

Osmoregulation and Excretion

Animal Reproduction

Animal Development

Neurons, Synapses, and Signaling

Nervous Systems

Sensory and Motor Mechanisms

Animal Behavior

An Introduction to Ecology and the Biosphere

Population Ecology

Community Ecology

Ecosystems and Restoration Ecology

Conservation Biology and Global Change

Filters

Oxytocin and antidiuretic hormone (ADH) are synthesized in the but released from the .