Question 1

The osmoregulatory process called secretion refers to the ________.

Accepted Answer

A)  reabsorption of nutrients from a filtrate 
B)  selective elimination of excess ions and toxins from body fluids 
C)  formation of an osmotic gradient along an excretory structure 
D)  expulsion of urine from the body 
A)  reabsorption of nutrients from a filtrate 
B)  selective elimination of excess ions and toxins from body fluids 
C)  formation of an osmotic gradient along an excretory structure 
D)  expulsion of urine from the body

Question 2

If you are hiking through the desert for several days, one would pack which of the following to ensure proper hydration?

Accepted Answer

A)  a drink with a combination of water and electrolytes 
B)  caffeinated beverages 
C)  bottled water kept at room temperature 
D)  bottled water that had been frozen to ensure that it would be as cold as possible 
A)  a drink with a combination of water and electrolytes 
B)  caffeinated beverages 
C)  bottled water kept at room temperature 
D)  bottled water that had been frozen to ensure that it would be as cold as possible

Question 3

Which of the following contribute to maintaining the high osmolarity of the renal medulla?
I.active transport of salt from the upper region of the ascending limb
II.the spatial arrangement of juxtamedullary nephrons
III.diffusion of urea from the collecting duct
IV.diffusion of salt from the descending limb of the loop of Henle

Accepted Answer

A)  All of these conditions contribute to the osmolarity of the medulla. 
B)  I, II, and III 
C)  I and IV 
D)  I, II, and IV 
A)  All of these conditions contribute to the osmolarity of the medulla. 
B)  I, II, and III 
C)  I and IV 
D)  I, II, and IV

Question 4

Which of the following animals generally has the lowest volume of urine production?

Accepted Answer

A)  vampire bat 
B)  salmon in fresh water 
C)  marine bony fish 
D)  freshwater flatworm 
A)  vampire bat 
B)  salmon in fresh water 
C)  marine bony fish 
D)  freshwater flatworm

Question 5

Ammonia is likely to be the primary nitrogenous waste in living conditions that include ________.

Accepted Answer

A)  lots of fresh water flowing across the gills of a fish 
B)  lots of seawater, such as a bird living in a marine environment 
C)  a terrestrial environment, such as that supporting crickets 
D)  a moist system of burrows, such as those of naked mole rats 
A)  lots of fresh water flowing across the gills of a fish 
B)  lots of seawater, such as a bird living in a marine environment 
C)  a terrestrial environment, such as that supporting crickets 
D)  a moist system of burrows, such as those of naked mole rats

Question 6

Choose a pair that correctly associates the mechanism for osmoregulation or nitrogen removal with the appropriate animal.

Accepted Answer

A)  protonephridium-earthworm 
B)  Malpighian tubule-frog 
C)  flame bulb-flat worm 
D)  exchange across the body surface-snake 
A)  protonephridium-earthworm 
B)  Malpighian tubule-frog 
C)  flame bulb-flat worm 
D)  exchange across the body surface-snake

Question 7

Compared to wetland mammals, water conservation in mammals of arid regions is enhanced by having more ________.

Accepted Answer

A)  juxtamedullary nephrons 
B)  urinary bladders 
C)  ureters 
D)  podocytes 
A)  juxtamedullary nephrons 
B)  urinary bladders 
C)  ureters 
D)  podocytes

Question 8

Why are the renal artery and vein critical to the process of osmoregulation in vertebrates?

Accepted Answer

A)  The kidneys require constant and abnormally high oxygen supply to function. 
B)  The renal artery delivers blood with nitrogenous waste to the kidney and the renal vein brings blood with less nitrogenous wastes away from the kidneys. 
C)  The kidneys require higher than normal levels of hormones. 
D)  The renal artery and vein are the main pathways regulating how much is produced by the kidneys. 
A)  The kidneys require constant and abnormally high oxygen supply to function. 
B)  The renal artery delivers blood with nitrogenous waste to the kidney and the renal vein brings blood with less nitrogenous wastes away from the kidneys. 
C)  The kidneys require higher than normal levels of hormones. 
D)  The renal artery and vein are the main pathways regulating how much is produced by the kidneys.

Question 9

Developing bird embryos excrete most of their nitrogenous waste as uric acid because ________.

Accepted Answer

A)  it is less metabolically expensive to produce compared to other waste products 
B)  it has a low solubility in water and is less toxic to the embryo than other forms of waste 
C)  it requires less energy to transport across the egg shell 
D)  it can be recycled by the embryo to make new protein 
A)  it is less metabolically expensive to produce compared to other waste products 
B)  it has a low solubility in water and is less toxic to the embryo than other forms of waste 
C)  it requires less energy to transport across the egg shell 
D)  it can be recycled by the embryo to make new protein

Question 10

Which process in the nephron is least selective?

Accepted Answer

A)  filtration 
B)  reabsorption 
C)  active transport 
D)  secretion 
A)  filtration 
B)  reabsorption 
C)  active transport 
D)  secretion

Question 11

Compared to the seawater around them, most marine invertebrates are ________.

Accepted Answer

A)  hyperosmotic 
B)  hypoosmotic 
C)  isoosmotic 
D)  both hyperosmotic and isoosmotic 
A)  hyperosmotic 
B)  hypoosmotic 
C)  isoosmotic 
D)  both hyperosmotic and isoosmotic

Question 12

What role do transport epithelia play in osmoregulation of marine fish with bony skeletons?

Accepted Answer

A)  They actively transport salt into the animal through the gills. 
B)  They mediate the movement of water from seawater through the gills. 
C)  They are involved in excretion of excess salt. 
D)  They allow the fish to produce dilute urine. 
A)  They actively transport salt into the animal through the gills. 
B)  They mediate the movement of water from seawater through the gills. 
C)  They are involved in excretion of excess salt. 
D)  They allow the fish to produce dilute urine.

Question 13

Among the following choices, the most concentrated urine is excreted by ________.

Accepted Answer

A)  frogs 
B)  kangaroo rats 
C)  humans 
D)  freshwater bass 
A)  frogs 
B)  kangaroo rats 
C)  humans 
D)  freshwater bass

Question 14

The body fluids of an osmoconformer would be ________ with its ________ environment

Accepted Answer

A)  hyperosmotic; freshwater 
B)  hyperosmotic; seawater 
C)  isoosmotic; seawater 
D)  hypoosmotic; seawater 
A)  hyperosmotic; freshwater 
B)  hyperosmotic; seawater 
C)  isoosmotic; seawater 
D)  hypoosmotic; seawater

Question 15

Unlike most bony fishes, sharks maintain body fluids that are isoosmotic to seawater, so they are considered by many to be osmoconformers. Nonetheless, these sharks osmoregulate at least partially by ________.

Accepted Answer

A)  using their gills and kidneys to rid themselves of sea salts 
B)  monitoring dehydration at the cellular level with special gated aquaporins 
C)  tolerating high urea concentrations that are balanced with internal salt concentrations to seawater osmolarity 
D)  synthesizing trimethylamine oxide, a chemical that binds and precipitates salts inside cells 
A)  using their gills and kidneys to rid themselves of sea salts 
B)  monitoring dehydration at the cellular level with special gated aquaporins 
C)  tolerating high urea concentrations that are balanced with internal salt concentrations to seawater osmolarity 
D)  synthesizing trimethylamine oxide, a chemical that binds and precipitates salts inside cells

Question 16

Use the following figure to answer the question.
 
Filtration takes place in the structure labeled ________.

Accepted Answer

A)  A 
B)  B 
C)  C 
D)  E 
A)  A 
B)  B 
C)  C 
D)  E

Question 17

Low selectivity of solute movement is a characteristic of ________.

Accepted Answer

A)  H⁺ pumping to control pH 
B)  reabsorption mechanisms along the proximal tubule 
C)  filtration from the glomerular capillaries 
D)  secretion along the distal tubule 
A)  H⁺ pumping to control pH 
B)  reabsorption mechanisms along the proximal tubule 
C)  filtration from the glomerular capillaries 
D)  secretion along the distal tubule

Question 18

Natural selection should favor the highest proportion of juxtamedullary nephrons in which of the following species?

Accepted Answer

A)  a river otter 
B)  a mouse species living in a tropical rain forest 
C)  a mouse species living in a temperate broadleaf forest 
D)  a mouse species living in a desert 
A)  a river otter 
B)  a mouse species living in a tropical rain forest 
C)  a mouse species living in a temperate broadleaf forest 
D)  a mouse species living in a desert

Question 19

Osmoregulatory adjustment via the atrial natriuretic peptide system can be triggered by ________.

Accepted Answer

A)  sleeping for one hour 
B)  severe sweating on a hot day 
C)  eating a pizza with olives and pepperoni 
D)  drinking several glasses of water 
A)  sleeping for one hour 
B)  severe sweating on a hot day 
C)  eating a pizza with olives and pepperoni 
D)  drinking several glasses of water

Question 20

An excretory system that is partly based on the filtration of fluid under high hydrostatic pressure is the ________.

Accepted Answer

A)  flame-bulb system of flatworms 
B)  protonephridia of rotifers 
C)  Malpighian tubules of insects 
D)  kidneys of vertebrates 
A)  flame-bulb system of flatworms 
B)  protonephridia of rotifers 
C)  Malpighian tubules of insects 
D)  kidneys of vertebrates

Exam 44: Osmoregulation and Excretion

The osmoregulatory process called secretion refers to the ________.

If you are hiking through the desert for several days, one would pack which of the following to ensure proper hydration?

Which of the following animals generally has the lowest volume of urine production?

Ammonia is likely to be the primary nitrogenous waste in living conditions that include ________.

Choose a pair that correctly associates the mechanism for osmoregulation or nitrogen removal with the appropriate animal.

Compared to wetland mammals, water conservation in mammals of arid regions is enhanced by having more ________.

Why are the renal artery and vein critical to the process of osmoregulation in vertebrates?

Developing bird embryos excrete most of their nitrogenous waste as uric acid because ________.

Which process in the nephron is least selective?

Compared to the seawater around them, most marine invertebrates are ________.

What role do transport epithelia play in osmoregulation of marine fish with bony skeletons?

Among the following choices, the most concentrated urine is excreted by ________.

The body fluids of an osmoconformer would be ________ with its ________ environment

Unlike most bony fishes, sharks maintain body fluids that are isoosmotic to seawater, so they are considered by many to be osmoconformers. Nonetheless, these sharks osmoregulate at least partially by ________.

Use the following figure to answer the question. Filtration takes place in the structure labeled ________.

Low selectivity of solute movement is a characteristic of ________.

Natural selection should favor the highest proportion of juxtamedullary nephrons in which of the following species?

Osmoregulatory adjustment via the atrial natriuretic peptide system can be triggered by ________.

An excretory system that is partly based on the filtration of fluid under high hydrostatic pressure is the ________.

Evolution, the Themes of Biology, and Scientific Inquiry

The Chemical Context of Life

Water and Life

Carbon and the Molecular Diversity of Life

The Structure and Function of Large Biological Molecules

A Tour of the Cell

Membrane Structure and Function

An Introduction to Metabolism

Cellular Respiration and Fermentation

Photosynthesis

Cell Communication

The Cell Cycle

Meiosis and Sexual Life Cycles

Mendel and the Gene Idea

The Chromosomal Basis of Inheritance

The Molecular Basis of Inheritance

Gene Expression: From Gene to Protein

Regulation of Gene Expression

Viruses

DNA Tools and Biotechnology

Genomes and Their Evolution

Descent with Modification: A Darwinian View of Life

The Evolution of Populations

The Origin of Species

The History of Life on Earth

Phylogeny and the Tree of Life

Bacteria and Archaea

Protists

Plant Diversity I: How Plants Colonized Land

Plant Diversity II: The Evolution of Seed Plants

Fungi

An Overview of Animal Diversity

An Introduction to Invertebrates

The Origin and Evolution of Vertebrates

Vascular Plant Structure, Growth, and Development

Resource Acquisition and Transport in Vascular Plants

Soil and Plant Nutrition

Angiosperm Reproduction and Biotechnology

Plant Responses to Internal and External Signals

Basic Principles of Animal Form and Function

Animal Nutrition

Circulation and Gas Exchange

The Immune System

Hormones and the Endocrine System

Animal Reproduction

Animal Development

Neurons, Synapses, and Signaling

Nervous Systems

Sensory and Motor Mechanisms

Animal Behavior

An Introduction to Ecology and the Biosphere

Population Ecology

Community Ecology

Ecosystems and Restoration Ecology

Conservation Biology and Global Change

Filters

The body fluids of an osmoconformer would be with its environment