Exam 22: Nutrition and Digestion

The figure below shows the energy (kcal)burned per hour by a 150-pound person performing various activities. Use this figure to answer these questions. -A fellow student comments on some recent weight gain, and attributes this weight gain to a daily habit of a slice of pizza for a midnight snack. Given that there are 280 kcal in a slice of thick crust pepperoni pizza, make a recommendation for an additional activity that would result in the MOST weight loss.

The stomach's gastric juice consists of ________.

Bile from the liver is stored in the ________ before entering the intestine.

Both the esophagus and trachea open to the ________.

What is the order of the four stages of food processing?

Scenario There are many diseases of the digestive system. Sjögren's syndrome is an autoimmune disease that destroys tear ducts and salivary glands. In megaesophagus, peristalsis fails to occur properly and the esophagus is enlarged. In achlorhydria (also called "hypochlorhydria")production of gastric acid is absent or low. When a person has diverticulitis, feces are trapped in small pouches of the large intestine, and cause infection. Infected portions of the large intestine can swell and block the large intestine. In exocrine pancreatic insufficiency, there is a progressive loss of pancreatic cells that make digestive enzymes. In gallstone cholestasis, bile cannot flow from the liver to the duodenum. -Difficulty swallowing could indicate ________.

When contracted, ________ prevents movement of chyme from the stomach to the small intestine.

The tongue has all of these functions EXCEPT ________.

Together with the small intestine, the ________ absorbs water.

Altogether, the body secretes about 7 liters of water into the alimentary canal each day. About what percentage of this water gets reabsorbed?

GERD can be treated with lifestyle changes such as ________.

Someone with liver failure will, in particular, have problems with the digestion and absorption of ________.

Scenario Several years ago, scientists discovered a mutation in zebrafish larvae that prevented the absorption of lipids from dietary fat. Larvae carrying this mutation died shortly after they hatched because all cells need fat to carry out their normal functions. More recent studies have determined that the mutation leading to this disorder occurs in a single gene on chromosome 10. When a normal gene is inserted into embryos carrying the mutation, these fish are able to process fats normally when they hatch. To discover more about the gene's function, researchers examined and compared cells from normal and mutant fish larvae under a microscope. A major difference was noticed in the intestinal cells. The Golgi apparatus in the intestinal cells of mutant larvae is much larger than those of normal larvae. As the Golgi apparatus processes fats and proteins, the lipids become trapped, resulting in the abnormally large size of the organelle. -Assuming that the digestive system of zebrafish works like that of a human, which portion of the digestive tract is specialized for absorption of the nutrients?

Examine the FDA label for the loaf of Baker Organic Bread and answer the following questions. -Which ingredient of the bread pictured would prevent beriberi?

What is the microbiome?

Most humans need about ________ kcal per day.

To be considered food, a substance must ________.

Digestion is ________.

Muscular contraction moves food through the alimentary canal by a process called ________.

Scenario Several years ago, scientists discovered a mutation in zebrafish larvae that prevented the absorption of lipids from dietary fat. Larvae carrying this mutation died shortly after they hatched because all cells need fat to carry out their normal functions. More recent studies have determined that the mutation leading to this disorder occurs in a single gene on chromosome 10. When a normal gene is inserted into embryos carrying the mutation, these fish are able to process fats normally when they hatch. To discover more about the gene's function, researchers examined and compared cells from normal and mutant fish larvae under a microscope. A major difference was noticed in the intestinal cells. The Golgi apparatus in the intestinal cells of mutant larvae is much larger than those of normal larvae. As the Golgi apparatus processes fats and proteins, the lipids become trapped, resulting in the abnormally large size of the organelle. -Assuming that the digestive system of zebrafish works like that of a human, what substance do zebrafish need to make fats more easily digested by enzymes?