Exam 24: The Bodys Defenses

A researcher detects an increase in the amount of natural killer cells in a laboratory rat and concludes that ________.

Scenario Avian influenza is a viral infection with few damaging effects that naturally occurs in wild birds. However, avian influenza is highly contagious and can quickly kill domesticated birds. Some human influenza viruses are similar to the avian influenza. People infected with avian influenza develop typical flu symptoms (fever, cough, muscle aches). However, symptoms may become more severe and life-threatening. If avian influenza evolves into a form that is easily transmissible from person to person, a global pandemic of widespread human death might occur. -Which method do you think would be best to test effectiveness of a vaccine intended for human use against avian influenza?

The figure shows a Y-shaped antibody molecule. How many protein chains are found in an antibody?

Examine the numerous long structures extending from the surface of some of the cells in the figure. Cells with these long structures could be found lining ________.

What type of molecule is part of the innate immune system and may prevent viral reproduction or destroy pathogens?

Scenario In order for cytotoxic T cells to kill infected cells, they must bind to the self proteins on the surface of the infected cells. Other proteins on the surface of the cytotoxic T cells assist with this binding process. One of these accessory proteins, CD8, has been implicated in many immunodeficiency disorders, including AIDS. CD8 is required for cytotoxic T cells to function normally. Chronic alcohol use is associated with increased rates of pulmonary bacterial and viral infections. A recent study examined this association by investigating the effects of alcohol on the immune system in mice. Mice were given either water or alcohol (ethanol)to drink and then were infected with the influenza virus. The number of cytotoxic T cells that have the CD8 accessory protein was measured in both groups of mice. The data collected are shown in the figure below. -Which group of mice would have a stronger cytotoxic C cell response?

Which is a response of our innate defense system?

Scenario Avian influenza is a viral infection with few damaging effects that naturally occurs in wild birds. However, avian influenza is highly contagious and can quickly kill domesticated birds. Some human influenza viruses are similar to the avian influenza. People infected with avian influenza develop typical flu symptoms (fever, cough, muscle aches). However, symptoms may become more severe and life-threatening. If avian influenza evolves into a form that is easily transmissible from person to person, a global pandemic of widespread human death might occur. -Which cells would be active during an immune response to a viral infection?

The immune system is capable of mounting specific responses to particular microorganisms because ________.

Why do diseases involving widespread infection often result in a fever?

Which is one of the body's first lines of defense against infection?

What did Jonas Salk's polio vaccine experiment find?

When the immune system improperly turns against the body's own molecules, the result is ________.

Which statement about antigen recognition is TRUE?

Strep throat can develop from an infection by the bacterium Streptococcus pyogenes. After infection by this bacterium, cells in the body will respond by producing antibodies against the bacterium and the toxins it produces. What type of immune response is being described in this situation?

A substance that can elicit an immune response from a lymphocyte is called a(n)________.

A role of the lymphatic system is to ________.

Scenario In order for cytotoxic T cells to kill infected cells, they must bind to the self proteins on the surface of the infected cells. Other proteins on the surface of the cytotoxic T cells assist with this binding process. One of these accessory proteins, CD8, has been implicated in many immunodeficiency disorders, including AIDS. CD8 is required for cytotoxic T cells to function normally. Chronic alcohol use is associated with increased rates of pulmonary bacterial and viral infections. A recent study examined this association by investigating the effects of alcohol on the immune system in mice. Mice were given either water or alcohol (ethanol)to drink and then were infected with the influenza virus. The number of cytotoxic T cells that have the CD8 accessory protein was measured in both groups of mice. The data collected are shown in the figure below. -Which group of mice has more functional cytotoxic T cells?

The secondary response in the B cell response occurs when memory cells bind to ________.

Why do some viruses mutate faster than others?