Question 1

According to self-discrepancy theory,experiencing negative emotions such as anxiety or depression,is often caused by the

Accepted Answer

A) content of the actual,ought,and ideal selves. 
B) stability of the actual,ought,and ideal selves. 
C) degree of incongruity among the actual,ought,and ideal selves. 
D) degree of incongruity between individuals' actual and ideal selves and the perception of important others' views of their actual and ideal selves. 
A) content of the actual,ought,and ideal selves. 
B) stability of the actual,ought,and ideal selves. 
C) degree of incongruity among the actual,ought,and ideal selves. 
D) degree of incongruity between individuals' actual and ideal selves and the perception of important others' views of their actual and ideal selves.

Question 2

Supriya considers it more important for her new boss to value her skills than to like her.The self-presentational strategy she is most likely to use is

Accepted Answer

A) self-verification. 
B) self-handicapping. 
C) ingratiation. 
D) self-promotion. 
A) self-verification. 
B) self-handicapping. 
C) ingratiation. 
D) self-promotion.

Question 3

A highly religious person who is primed to think about God will

Accepted Answer

A) become less self-aware. 
B) become more self-aware. 
C) have higher self-esteem. 
D) have lower self-esteem. 
A) become less self-aware. 
B) become more self-aware. 
C) have higher self-esteem. 
D) have lower self-esteem.

Question 4

Gallup's research revealed that when apes were raised in isolation,they were unable to recognize themselves in the mirror.This research provides support for

Accepted Answer

A) the concept of the looking-glass self. 
B) self-perception theory. 
C) the non-social origins of the self-concept. 
D) the idea that humans are the only animals capable of self-recognition. 
A) the concept of the looking-glass self. 
B) self-perception theory. 
C) the non-social origins of the self-concept. 
D) the idea that humans are the only animals capable of self-recognition.

Question 5

Which of the following is an example of ingratiation?

Accepted Answer

A) telling a potential employer about the projects that you successfully led at your previous job 
B) taking more credit for a project done well than is rightfully yours 
C) telling a potential employer that you are very interested in the company and position,even if you are not 
D) describing your skills and abilities in an attractive way 
A) telling a potential employer about the projects that you successfully led at your previous job 
B) taking more credit for a project done well than is rightfully yours 
C) telling a potential employer that you are very interested in the company and position,even if you are not 
D) describing your skills and abilities in an attractive way

Question 6

The process by which we seek to control or alter our thoughts,feelings,behaviors,and urges in order to live an acceptable life is called

Accepted Answer

A) self-handicapping. 
B) self-verification. 
C) self-presentation. 
D) self-regulation. 
A) self-handicapping. 
B) self-verification. 
C) self-presentation. 
D) self-regulation.

Question 7

The tendency for extrinsic rewards to undermine intrinsic motivation is called

Accepted Answer

A) self-discrepancy theory. 
B) implicit egotism. 
C) the durability bias. 
D) the overjustification effect. 
A) self-discrepancy theory. 
B) implicit egotism. 
C) the durability bias. 
D) the overjustification effect.

Question 8

Zajonc (1993)argued that smiling leads to an increase in positive emotions through which mechanism?

Accepted Answer

A) stimulating electrical impulses that activate the pleasure pathways in the brain 
B) increasing the release of pleasure-enhancing endorphins between neurons 
C) stimulating sympathetic nervous arousal that increases one's pulse 
D) increasing the flow of air-cooled blood to the brain 
A) stimulating electrical impulses that activate the pleasure pathways in the brain 
B) increasing the release of pleasure-enhancing endorphins between neurons 
C) stimulating sympathetic nervous arousal that increases one's pulse 
D) increasing the flow of air-cooled blood to the brain

Question 9

Research by David Dunning suggests that one problem concerning self-assessment is that people tend to

Accepted Answer

A) pay too little attention to past successes in evaluating future prospects. 
B) overestimate their own skills,prospects for success,and opinion accuracy. 
C) underestimate their own skills,prospects for success,and opinion accuracy. 
D) dwell too much on past failures in assessing present competencies. 
A) pay too little attention to past successes in evaluating future prospects. 
B) overestimate their own skills,prospects for success,and opinion accuracy. 
C) underestimate their own skills,prospects for success,and opinion accuracy. 
D) dwell too much on past failures in assessing present competencies.

Question 10

Research on social comparison shows that

Accepted Answer

A) people generally bask in reflected glory when they have accomplished siblings. 
B) patients like to affiliate with other patients who are coping well. 
C) breast cancer victims engage in more upward than downward comparison. 
D) children have higher self-esteem when surrounded by others who are equally competent. 
A) people generally bask in reflected glory when they have accomplished siblings. 
B) patients like to affiliate with other patients who are coping well. 
C) breast cancer victims engage in more upward than downward comparison. 
D) children have higher self-esteem when surrounded by others who are equally competent.

Question 11

Schachter (1959)examined the preferences of participants who were expecting to receive a series of painful electric shocks.He found that these participants preferred to wait in a room

Accepted Answer

A) by themselves. 
B) with participants who were not expecting shocks. 
C) with participants who were also expecting shocks. 
D) with participants who had already received shocks. 
A) by themselves. 
B) with participants who were not expecting shocks. 
C) with participants who were also expecting shocks. 
D) with participants who had already received shocks.

Question 12

Josephine bought her six-year-old nephew,Joseph,a new set of paints for his birthday.Hoping to encourage the little artist,Josephine promised Joseph one dollar for every painting.Joseph thinks that is quite a lot of money.According____________________________to research by Lepper and colleagues (1973)on overjustification effects,which of the following is most likely to______________occur?

Accepted Answer

A) Joseph will come to see painting pictures as a way to make money,not as something enjoyable in itself. 
B) Joseph will develop a love for painting and will want to be an artist when he grows up. 
C) Joseph will continue to paint even if his aunt eventually stops rewarding him with money. 
D) The paintings for which Joseph receives money will be judged as better quality than the paintings for which he does not receive any money. 
A) Joseph will come to see painting pictures as a way to make money,not as something enjoyable in itself. 
B) Joseph will develop a love for painting and will want to be an artist when he grows up. 
C) Joseph will continue to paint even if his aunt eventually stops rewarding him with money. 
D) The paintings for which Joseph receives money will be judged as better quality than the paintings for which he does not receive any money.

Question 13

Higgins's (1989)self-discrepancy theory suggests that we each have an "actual self," an "ought self," and an "ideal self." According to Higgins,discrepancies between the______________self and the actual self often lead to low self-esteem and feelings of______________.

Accepted Answer

A) ought;frustration 
B) ought;shame 
C) ideal;superiority 
D) ideal;hostility 
A) ought;frustration 
B) ought;shame 
C) ideal;superiority 
D) ideal;hostility

Question 14

The desire for others to perceive us in the same way that we see ourselves is called

Accepted Answer

A) self-verification. 
B) self-enhancement. 
C) implicit egotism. 
D) self-handicapping. 
A) self-verification. 
B) self-enhancement. 
C) implicit egotism. 
D) self-handicapping.

Question 15

The tendency for people to think of those worse off than themselves when faced with difficulties of their own is called

Accepted Answer

A) social comparison jealousy. 
B) self-handicapping. 
C) downward social comparison. 
D) public self-consciousness. 
A) social comparison jealousy. 
B) self-handicapping. 
C) downward social comparison. 
D) public self-consciousness.

Question 16

Which of the following is not a self-serving tendency used to enhance self-esteem?

Accepted Answer

A) People tend to take credit for their successes,but not their failures. 
B) People underestimate the probability of positive outcomes and overestimate the probability that they will experience negative outcomes. 
C) People overestimate the extent to which they can control personal outcomes. 
D) People bolster their optimism by linking their individual attributes to desirable outcomes. 
A) People tend to take credit for their successes,but not their failures. 
B) People underestimate the probability of positive outcomes and overestimate the probability that they will experience negative outcomes. 
C) People overestimate the extent to which they can control personal outcomes. 
D) People bolster their optimism by linking their individual attributes to desirable outcomes.

Question 17

English and Chen's (2007)study of college students of European and Asian descent found that

Accepted Answer

A) even within a particular context,Asian students see their identity as relatively fluid and variable. 
B) European students tended to see the self in more stable terms across situations. 
C) European students had smaller discrepancies between their ideal and actual selves. 
D) Asian students were disinterested in information that contradicted their self-concepts. 
A) even within a particular context,Asian students see their identity as relatively fluid and variable. 
B) European students tended to see the self in more stable terms across situations. 
C) European students had smaller discrepancies between their ideal and actual selves. 
D) Asian students were disinterested in information that contradicted their self-concepts.

Question 18

Kirk is very politically conservative.He tends to evaluate most information he learns by placing it on the political spectrum as either similar to his personal beliefs or different from them.Kirk is probably______________with respect to politics.

Accepted Answer

A) dialectic 
B) aschematic 
C) egotistic 
D) schematic 
A) dialectic 
B) aschematic 
C) egotistic 
D) schematic

According to self-discrepancy theory,experiencing negative emotions such as anxiety or depression,is often caused by the

Supriya considers it more important for her new boss to value her skills than to like her.The self-presentational strategy she is most likely to use is

A highly religious person who is primed to think about God will

Gallup's research revealed that when apes were raised in isolation,they were unable to recognize themselves in the mirror.This research provides support for

Which of the following is an example of ingratiation?

The process by which we seek to control or alter our thoughts,feelings,behaviors,and urges in order to live an acceptable life is called

The tendency for extrinsic rewards to undermine intrinsic motivation is called

Zajonc (1993)argued that smiling leads to an increase in positive emotions through which mechanism?

Research by David Dunning suggests that one problem concerning self-assessment is that people tend to

Research on social comparison shows that

Schachter (1959)examined the preferences of participants who were expecting to receive a series of painful electric shocks.He found that these participants preferred to wait in a room

Higgins's (1989)self-discrepancy theory suggests that we each have an "actual self," an "ought self," and an "ideal self." According to Higgins,discrepancies between theself and the actual self often lead to low self-esteem and feelings of.

The desire for others to perceive us in the same way that we see ourselves is called

The tendency for people to think of those worse off than themselves when faced with difficulties of their own is called

Which of the following is not a self-serving tendency used to enhance self-esteem?

English and Chen's (2007)study of college students of European and Asian descent found that

Kirk is very politically conservative.He tends to evaluate most information he learns by placing it on the political spectrum as either similar to his personal beliefs or different from them.Kirk is probably______________with respect to politics.

What Is Social Psychology

Doing Social Psychology Research

Perceiving Persons

Stereotypes, Prejudice, and Discrimination

Attitudes

Conformity

Group Processes

Attraction and Close Relationships

Helping Others

Aggression

Law

Business

Health

Filters

Exam 3: The Social Self

According to self-discrepancy theory,experiencing negative emotions such as anxiety or depression,is often caused by the

Supriya considers it more important for her new boss to value her skills than to like her.The self-presentational strategy she is most likely to use is

A highly religious person who is primed to think about God will

Gallup's research revealed that when apes were raised in isolation,they were unable to recognize themselves in the mirror.This research provides support for

Which of the following is an example of ingratiation?

The process by which we seek to control or alter our thoughts,feelings,behaviors,and urges in order to live an acceptable life is called

The tendency for extrinsic rewards to undermine intrinsic motivation is called

Zajonc (1993)argued that smiling leads to an increase in positive emotions through which mechanism?

Research by David Dunning suggests that one problem concerning self-assessment is that people tend to

Research on social comparison shows that

Schachter (1959)examined the preferences of participants who were expecting to receive a series of painful electric shocks.He found that these participants preferred to wait in a room

Higgins's (1989)self-discrepancy theory suggests that we each have an "actual self," an "ought self," and an "ideal self." According to Higgins,discrepancies between the______________self and the actual self often lead to low self-esteem and feelings of______________.

The desire for others to perceive us in the same way that we see ourselves is called

The tendency for people to think of those worse off than themselves when faced with difficulties of their own is called

Which of the following is not a self-serving tendency used to enhance self-esteem?

English and Chen's (2007)study of college students of European and Asian descent found that

Kirk is very politically conservative.He tends to evaluate most information he learns by placing it on the political spectrum as either similar to his personal beliefs or different from them.Kirk is probably______________with respect to politics.

What Is Social Psychology

Doing Social Psychology Research

Perceiving Persons

Stereotypes, Prejudice, and Discrimination

Attitudes

Conformity

Group Processes

Attraction and Close Relationships

Helping Others

Aggression

Law

Business

Health

Filters

Higgins's (1989)self-discrepancy theory suggests that we each have an "actual self," an "ought self," and an "ideal self." According to Higgins,discrepancies between theself and the actual self often lead to low self-esteem and feelings of.