Exam 4: Racial Discrimination in the Criminal Justice System

Historically,race and the ______ have been closely associated.

Which of the following aspects to racism involves policies and practices of institutions operate to produce systematic and continuing differences between racial groups?

What census year was used to justify discriminatory laws regarded by whites as necessary until blacks were able to overcome legacy of slavery through their own efforts?

What percentage of Americans now support the death penalty for murder and what percentage of Americans oppose death sentences for murder,according to a 2016 Pew Research poll?

Mauer (2006)contends that since the ______ no policy has impacted Black incarceration more than the War on Drugs.

In which case did the court strike down a statute limiting jury service to white men on grounds it violated the Fourteenth Amendment to the Constitution?

A difficulty in prosecutions for hate crimes is proving the defendant's ______.

According to Doerner and Demuth (2009),which of the following factors was found to have a significant effect on sentencing and makes them suggest that stereotypes may be influential?

Social factors examined by researchers include ______.

Much interaction between police and minorities may involve "petit apartheid." This term means ______.

Crimes that manifest evidence of prejudice based on race,religion,sexual orientation,or ethnicity are known as ______.

Define "hate crime."

Discriminatory laws against blacks enforced by the courts until the mid-1900s were known as ______.

Tonry (1998)______.

In the aggregate,Blacks tend to be convicted less than Whites.

"Ethnicity" is a cultural feature and refers to a person's ______.

Most research suggests that,while there is an absence of systematic racial discrimination in the U.S.criminal justice system ______.

Social practices which attribute merits or allocate values to members of racially categorized groups solely because of race are ______.

Research on discrimination in the sentencing process has found that ______,

According to the results of criminal justice research,which of the following statistics or factors do not evidence the effect of racism against blacks in police-citizen encounters?