Question 1

All of the following statements about exoskeletons are correct EXCEPT

Accepted Answer

A) exoskeletons are made of chitin. 
B) muscles are attached to the exoskeleton. 
C) exoskeletons do not limit growth because they can stretch. 
D) exoskeletons are shed by many arthropods in a process called molting. 
E) chitin is a polysaccharide. 
A) exoskeletons are made of chitin. 
B) muscles are attached to the exoskeleton. 
C) exoskeletons do not limit growth because they can stretch. 
D) exoskeletons are shed by many arthropods in a process called molting. 
E) chitin is a polysaccharide.

Question 2

The muscles that move the eye have a high proportion of fast-twitch fibers and reach maximum tension very fast.These fibers belong to the class of ________ fibers.

Accepted Answer

A) type I 
B) type II 
C) type III 
D) type IV 
E) type V 
A) type I 
B) type II 
C) type III 
D) type IV 
E) type V

Question 3

Vertebrate bone does NOT ________.

Accepted Answer

A) consist of cells and an extracellular matrix containing collagen fibers 
B) contain hydroxyapatite crystals 
C) contain sarcomere units 
D) contain blood vessels 
E) become remodeled with use 
A) consist of cells and an extracellular matrix containing collagen fibers 
B) contain hydroxyapatite crystals 
C) contain sarcomere units 
D) contain blood vessels 
E) become remodeled with use

Question 4

Which of these muscles would you expect to have the greatest proportion of slow-twitch fibers?

Accepted Answer

A) the gastrocnemius 
B) the soleus 
C) the lateral rectus 
D) chicken breast muscle 
A) the gastrocnemius 
B) the soleus 
C) the lateral rectus 
D) chicken breast muscle

Question 5

You decide to do an experiment with isolated myofibrils to explore the effects of ATP hydrolysis on myofibril function.You do this by bathing the myofibrils in a solution that contains a modified form of ATP,which cannot be split into ADP and Pi. At what step will myofibril function be arrested by using this compound instead of unmodified ATP?

Accepted Answer

A) There will be no block in the cycle,since ATP hydrolysis is not required for this process. 
B) Myosin molecules will be unable to assemble into thick filaments. 
C) Myosin heads will be unable to bind to the actin filaments. 
D) Myosin heads will bind to the actin filaments,but the power stroke will not occur and actin filaments will not slide over the myosin filaments. 
E) The myosin heads will remain attached to the actin filaments after the power stroke. 
A) There will be no block in the cycle,since ATP hydrolysis is not required for this process. 
B) Myosin molecules will be unable to assemble into thick filaments. 
C) Myosin heads will be unable to bind to the actin filaments. 
D) Myosin heads will bind to the actin filaments,but the power stroke will not occur and actin filaments will not slide over the myosin filaments. 
E) The myosin heads will remain attached to the actin filaments after the power stroke.

Question 6

You witness a demonstration of a martial arts master breaking a large concrete block with his hand.Besides mastering the technique,what is another benefit of the repetitive practice of breaking concrete?

Accepted Answer

A) Repetitive stress on the long bones will solidify cartilage. 
B) The Haversian canal system will supply more blood and strengthen the bone. 
C) The repetitive stress will lead to remodeling and strengthening of the long bones. 
D) The marrow cavity will solidify and strengthen the bone. 
A) Repetitive stress on the long bones will solidify cartilage. 
B) The Haversian canal system will supply more blood and strengthen the bone. 
C) The repetitive stress will lead to remodeling and strengthening of the long bones. 
D) The marrow cavity will solidify and strengthen the bone.

Question 7

In the power stroke shown in panel c below,the thin filaments are pulled towards the center of the sarcomere.What is the specific sequence of events that occurs during a power stroke?

Accepted Answer

A) Release of the phosphate group -> myosin head changes shape -> release of ADP 
B) Release of the phosphate group -> release of ADP -> myosin head changes shape 
C) Release of ADP -> myosin head changes shape -> release of the phosphate group 
D) Myosin head changes shape -> release of the phosphate group -> release of ADP 
E) Release of ADP-> release of the phosphate group -> myosin head changes shape 
A) Release of the phosphate group -> myosin head changes shape -> release of ADP 
B) Release of the phosphate group -> release of ADP -> myosin head changes shape 
C) Release of ADP -> myosin head changes shape -> release of the phosphate group 
D) Myosin head changes shape -> release of the phosphate group -> release of ADP 
E) Release of ADP-> release of the phosphate group -> myosin head changes shape

Question 8

A newborn baby dies soon after birth because her diaphragm and rib cage muscles failed to contract and she was unable to breathe on her own.Examination of the baby's DNA revealed that she had a genetic mutation in a gene that encoded a calcium-binding protein.Which protein was most likely defective in the baby?

Accepted Answer

A) actin 
B) myosin 
C) acetylcholine 
D) tropomyosin 
E) troponin 
A) actin 
B) myosin 
C) acetylcholine 
D) tropomyosin 
E) troponin

Question 9

Identify the condition that will result in an increased level of calcium in the blood.

Accepted Answer

A) inhibition of chondroblasts 
B) inhibition of chondrocytes 
C) excess osteoclast activity 
D) excess osteocyte activity 
E) excess osteoblast activity 
A) inhibition of chondroblasts 
B) inhibition of chondrocytes 
C) excess osteoclast activity 
D) excess osteocyte activity 
E) excess osteoblast activity

Question 10

Muscle fatigue is often accompanied by muscle pain.What is the most likely explanation for this pain?

Accepted Answer

A) decreased pH in the muscle fibers 
B) decreased levels of glycogen in the muscle fibers 
C) decreased levels of ATP in the muscle fibers 
D) increased levels of Pi in the muscle fibers 
E) the myofibrils being torn apart 
A) decreased pH in the muscle fibers 
B) decreased levels of glycogen in the muscle fibers 
C) decreased levels of ATP in the muscle fibers 
D) increased levels of Pi in the muscle fibers 
E) the myofibrils being torn apart

Question 11

Which of the following joint types is not correctly matched with its example?

Accepted Answer

A) ball-and-socket joint-femur and pelvis 
B) gliding joint-vertebral column 
C) immovable joint-skull sutures 
D) hinge joint-finger joint 
E) combination joint-knee joint 
A) ball-and-socket joint-femur and pelvis 
B) gliding joint-vertebral column 
C) immovable joint-skull sutures 
D) hinge joint-finger joint 
E) combination joint-knee joint

Question 12

Which of the following regarding bone growth is false?

Accepted Answer

A) Cartilage of growth plates actively grow in lengthwise direction. 
B) Increase in bone thickness results from the adding of bone layers on top of the periosteum. 
C) Some cartilage remains after it is replaced by bone. 
D) Cartilage calcification encroaches on the cartilaginous growth plate. 
A) Cartilage of growth plates actively grow in lengthwise direction. 
B) Increase in bone thickness results from the adding of bone layers on top of the periosteum. 
C) Some cartilage remains after it is replaced by bone. 
D) Cartilage calcification encroaches on the cartilaginous growth plate.

Question 13

A lab technician is preparing to dispose of a rat and a frog that were euthanized earlier in the day for a scientific study.Although the two animals died at the same time,the rat has rigor mortis while the frog does not yet show any signs of it.What is the best explanation for this time difference in the onset of rigor mortis?

Accepted Answer

A) The rat's muscles have a greater density of myofilaments than the frog's muscles. 
B) The rat is able to synthesize more ATP than the frog. 
C) The frog has lower concentrations of glycogen in its muscles than the rat. 
D) The rat has higher concentrations of myoglobin in its muscles than the frog. 
E) All the frog's muscles are fast-twitch muscles. 
A) The rat's muscles have a greater density of myofilaments than the frog's muscles. 
B) The rat is able to synthesize more ATP than the frog. 
C) The frog has lower concentrations of glycogen in its muscles than the rat. 
D) The rat has higher concentrations of myoglobin in its muscles than the frog. 
E) All the frog's muscles are fast-twitch muscles.

Question 14

In order for a muscle to contract,calcium ions released from the sarcoplasmic reticulum must bind to

Accepted Answer

A) troponin. 
B) tropomyosin. 
C) myosin. 
D) actin. 
E) ATP. 
A) troponin. 
B) tropomyosin. 
C) myosin. 
D) actin. 
E) ATP.

Question 15

Which of the following statements relating to skeletal muscle and their functions is NOT correct?

Accepted Answer

A) Skeletal muscles are attached to bones by tendons. 
B) The origin of a skeletal muscle remains relatively stationary. 
C) The end of the muscle called the insertion is attached to the bone that moves when the muscle contracts. 
D) Contraction of the hamstring muscles extends your knee. 
E) Muscles that produce opposing actions at a joint are called antagonists. 
A) Skeletal muscles are attached to bones by tendons. 
B) The origin of a skeletal muscle remains relatively stationary. 
C) The end of the muscle called the insertion is attached to the bone that moves when the muscle contracts. 
D) Contraction of the hamstring muscles extends your knee. 
E) Muscles that produce opposing actions at a joint are called antagonists.

Question 16

The mammalian jaw is an example of what kind of moveable joint?

Accepted Answer

A) hinge joint 
B) combination joint 
C) gliding joint 
D) ball-and-socket joint 
A) hinge joint 
B) combination joint 
C) gliding joint 
D) ball-and-socket joint

Question 17

Select the incorrect statement about muscle and muscle fibers.

Accepted Answer

A) A quick contraction and relaxation of an isolated skeletal muscle is called tetanus. 
B) Long distance runners tend to have more slow-twitch muscle fibers than fast-twitch fibers. 
C) Slow-twitch muscle fibers have high concentrations of myoglobin. 
D) Fast-twitch fibers increase in size with resistance training. 
E) Fast-twitch fibers have fewer capillaries and mitochondria than slow-twitch fibers. 
A) A quick contraction and relaxation of an isolated skeletal muscle is called tetanus. 
B) Long distance runners tend to have more slow-twitch muscle fibers than fast-twitch fibers. 
C) Slow-twitch muscle fibers have high concentrations of myoglobin. 
D) Fast-twitch fibers increase in size with resistance training. 
E) Fast-twitch fibers have fewer capillaries and mitochondria than slow-twitch fibers.

Question 18

Shown below is part of a myofibril from a relaxed muscle fiber.Which of the labeled regions will NOT shorten when the muscle contracts?

Accepted Answer

A) A band 
B) H band 
C) I band 
D) Sarcomere 
A) A band 
B) H band 
C) I band 
D) Sarcomere

Question 19

Select the incorrect statement related to sarcomere structure and function.

Accepted Answer

A) Thin filaments are not present in the H band of a sarcomere. 
B) Two Z lines form the opposite borders of one sarcomere. 
C) Stacks of thick filaments produce dark bands,called the A band. 
D) I bands consist of both thin and thick filaments. 
E) sarcomeres are the smallest subunits of muscle contraction. 
A) Thin filaments are not present in the H band of a sarcomere. 
B) Two Z lines form the opposite borders of one sarcomere. 
C) Stacks of thick filaments produce dark bands,called the A band. 
D) I bands consist of both thin and thick filaments. 
E) sarcomeres are the smallest subunits of muscle contraction.

Question 20

Based on the above diagram and other information from your text,what is the most likely (e.g.,most parsimonious)explanation for the evolution of flight in vertebrates?

Accepted Answer

A) Wings evolved once in vertebrates (e.g.,the common ancestor of all terrestrial vertebrates had wings)and wings were subsequently lost in all but three lineages: bats,pterosaurs and birds. 
B) The common ancestor of all terrestrial vertebrates was wingless and wings evolved independently three different times: in bats,in pterosaurs and in birds. 
C) The common ancestor of all terrestrial vertebrates was wingless and wings evolved independently two different times: once in bats and once in the common ancestor of birds,pterosaurs and dinosaurs. 
D) The common ancestor of all terrestrial vertebrates was wingless and wings evolved independently three different times: in bats,in pterosaurs and in the common ancestor of birds and dinosaurs. 
E) The common ancestor of all terrestrial vertebrates was wingless and wings evolved independently three different times: in bats,in birds and in the common ancestor of pterosaurs and dinosaurs. 
A) Wings evolved once in vertebrates (e.g.,the common ancestor of all terrestrial vertebrates had wings)and wings were subsequently lost in all but three lineages: bats,pterosaurs and birds. 
B) The common ancestor of all terrestrial vertebrates was wingless and wings evolved independently three different times: in bats,in pterosaurs and in birds. 
C) The common ancestor of all terrestrial vertebrates was wingless and wings evolved independently two different times: once in bats and once in the common ancestor of birds,pterosaurs and dinosaurs. 
D) The common ancestor of all terrestrial vertebrates was wingless and wings evolved independently three different times: in bats,in pterosaurs and in the common ancestor of birds and dinosaurs. 
E) The common ancestor of all terrestrial vertebrates was wingless and wings evolved independently three different times: in bats,in birds and in the common ancestor of pterosaurs and dinosaurs.

Exam 45: The Musculoskeletal System

All of the following statements about exoskeletons are correct EXCEPT

The muscles that move the eye have a high proportion of fast-twitch fibers and reach maximum tension very fast.These fibers belong to the class of ________ fibers.

Vertebrate bone does NOT ________.

Which of these muscles would you expect to have the greatest proportion of slow-twitch fibers?

You witness a demonstration of a martial arts master breaking a large concrete block with his hand.Besides mastering the technique,what is another benefit of the repetitive practice of breaking concrete?

In the power stroke shown in panel c below,the thin filaments are pulled towards the center of the sarcomere.What is the specific sequence of events that occurs during a power stroke?

Identify the condition that will result in an increased level of calcium in the blood.

Muscle fatigue is often accompanied by muscle pain.What is the most likely explanation for this pain?

Which of the following joint types is not correctly matched with its example?

Which of the following regarding bone growth is false?

In order for a muscle to contract,calcium ions released from the sarcoplasmic reticulum must bind to

Which of the following statements relating to skeletal muscle and their functions is NOT correct?

The mammalian jaw is an example of what kind of moveable joint?

Select the incorrect statement about muscle and muscle fibers.

Shown below is part of a myofibril from a relaxed muscle fiber.Which of the labeled regions will NOT shorten when the muscle contracts?

Select the incorrect statement related to sarcomere structure and function.

Based on the above diagram and other information from your text,what is the most likely (e.g.,most parsimonious)explanation for the evolution of flight in vertebrates?

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