Exam 22: Population and Evolutionary Genetics

If a gene has three alleles in a population,their frequencies must add up to 1.5.

In a population of 10,000 individuals,in which 3600 are MM,1600 are NN,and 4800 are MN,what are the frequencies of the M alleles and the N alleles?

What information have the results of mitochondrial DNA analysis offered concerning the phylogenetic relationships between Neanderthals and modern humans?

What type of evolutionary information can be gained by examining the amino acid sequence of a protein such as cytochrome c?

Albinism is an autosomal recessive trait in humans.Assume that there are 100 albinos (aa)in a population of 1 million.How many individuals would be expected to be homozygous normal (AA)under equilibrium conditions?

In large random mating populations,random genetic drift is usually a significant factor in changing gene frequencies.

Would one expect a linear relationship between DNA sequence divergence and phylogenetic distance? Why or why not?

In the case of complete dominance in a population in equilibrium,we cannot tell which individuals are homozygous dominants and which are heterozygous,but by knowing the frequency of the homozygous recessives,we can estimate the frequency of homozygous dominant and heterozygous genotypes.

Selection is the differential reproduction of genotypes,resulting from their variable fitness.

What does the variable 2pq represent?

Briefly define the term genetic equilibrium.

Why is mitochondrial DNA often used in construction of phylogenetic trees?

In a population that meets the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium assumptions,81 percent of the individuals are homozygous for a recessive allele.What percentage of the individuals would be expected to be heterozygous for this locus in the next generation?

Mutation and migration introduce new alleles into populations.What is the most likely principal force that will shift allelic frequencies within large populations?

In zoo animals,inbreeding often occurs because of a lack of a sufficient pool of breeding individuals.Under such conditions,which two characteristics are often exhibited among inbred organisms?

One of the Hardy-Weinberg assumptions states that the population is infinitely large.What influence might a small population size have on a Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium?

Given an inheritance pattern of incomplete dominance and 81 flowers that are red (R¹^R¹),18 flowers that are pink (R¹^R²),and 1 flower that is white (R²^R²),the frequency of the R¹ allele is 0.9.

Natural selection occurs when there is nonrandom elimination of genotypes from a population due to differences in viability or reproductive success.