Question 1

Which statement about the endoskeletons of vertebrates is false?

Accepted Answer

A)  The muscles are attached to a living support structure. 
B)  Endoskeletons are inert systems. 
C)  Molting is unnecessary in animals with endoskeletons. 
D)  Endoskeletons consist of bone and cartilage. 
E)  At least two skeletal structures are required to form a joint. 
A)  The muscles are attached to a living support structure. 
B)  Endoskeletons are inert systems. 
C)  Molting is unnecessary in animals with endoskeletons. 
D)  Endoskeletons consist of bone and cartilage. 
E)  At least two skeletal structures are required to form a joint.

Question 2

The glycolytic system by which muscles obtain ATP

Accepted Answer

A)  relies on creatine phosphate. 
B)  is also referred to as the immediate system. 
C)  is the most efficient means of producing ATP. 
D)  produces lactic acid. 
E)  completely metabolizes carbohydrates and fats. 
A)  relies on creatine phosphate. 
B)  is also referred to as the immediate system. 
C)  is the most efficient means of producing ATP. 
D)  produces lactic acid. 
E)  completely metabolizes carbohydrates and fats.

Question 3

Fast-twitch fibers

Accepted Answer

A)  are also called white muscle. 
B)  fatigue rapidly. 
C)  have fewer mitochondria per cell compared to slow-twitch fibers. 
D)  are also called glycolytic muscle. 
E)  All of the above 
A)  are also called white muscle. 
B)  fatigue rapidly. 
C)  have fewer mitochondria per cell compared to slow-twitch fibers. 
D)  are also called glycolytic muscle. 
E)  All of the above

Question 4

Refer to the diagram of a sarcomere below.Which statement based on the diagram is true?

Accepted Answer

A)  The structure 1 consists of two chains made of monomers. 
B)  The structure 1 shortens in length as contraction occurs. 
C)  The structure 2 has a head that hydrolyzes ATP. 
D)  The zone labeled 3 shortens in length as contraction occurs. 
E)  The unit labeled 4 maintains a constant length as contraction occurs. 
A)  The structure 1 consists of two chains made of monomers. 
B)  The structure 1 shortens in length as contraction occurs. 
C)  The structure 2 has a head that hydrolyzes ATP. 
D)  The zone labeled 3 shortens in length as contraction occurs. 
E)  The unit labeled 4 maintains a constant length as contraction occurs.

Question 5

Wild turkeys have breast muscles that are capable of explosively fast flight,but only for short distances.These muscles

Accepted Answer

A)  fuel their rapid flight with high levels of mitochondria. 
B)  have surprisingly low rates of ATPase activity. 
C)  contain a high proportion of fast-twitch muscle fibers. 
D)  contain a high proportion of slow-twitch muscle fibers. 
E)  have substantial reserves of glycogen. 
A)  fuel their rapid flight with high levels of mitochondria. 
B)  have surprisingly low rates of ATPase activity. 
C)  contain a high proportion of fast-twitch muscle fibers. 
D)  contain a high proportion of slow-twitch muscle fibers. 
E)  have substantial reserves of glycogen.

Question 6

Migrating birds often cross the Gulf of Mexico in a single flight,and their flight muscles demand extreme endurance.An examination of the muscles used to perform this activity would show that they

Accepted Answer

A)  have low reserves of glycogen (metabolic fuel). 
B)  have high levels of ATPase activity. 
C)  are well-supplied with blood vessels. 
D)  have few mitochondria. 
E)  have low levels of myoglobin. 
A)  have low reserves of glycogen (metabolic fuel). 
B)  have high levels of ATPase activity. 
C)  are well-supplied with blood vessels. 
D)  have few mitochondria. 
E)  have low levels of myoglobin.

Question 7

Which process occurs during shortening of a skeletal muscle?

Accepted Answer

A)  Increase in the distance between Z lines 
B)  Lengthening of the sarcomere 
C)  Reduction of the H zone 
D)  Reduction of the A band 
E)  Decrease in the area of actin and myosin overlap 
A)  Increase in the distance between Z lines 
B)  Lengthening of the sarcomere 
C)  Reduction of the H zone 
D)  Reduction of the A band 
E)  Decrease in the area of actin and myosin overlap

Question 8

Which statement about smooth muscle is true?

Accepted Answer

A)  Smooth muscle is not under nervous system control. 
B)  Smooth muscle cells are multinucleated. 
C)  Smooth muscle appears striated when viewed with the microscope. 
D)  Gap junctions are uncommon in smooth muscle. 
E)  Actin and myosin are responsible for the contraction of smooth muscle. 
A)  Smooth muscle is not under nervous system control. 
B)  Smooth muscle cells are multinucleated. 
C)  Smooth muscle appears striated when viewed with the microscope. 
D)  Gap junctions are uncommon in smooth muscle. 
E)  Actin and myosin are responsible for the contraction of smooth muscle.

Question 9

Calcium ions must bind to which protein to initiate muscle contraction?

Accepted Answer

A)  Myosin 
B)  Actin 
C)  Tropomyosin 
D)  Troponin 
E)  Titin 
A)  Myosin 
B)  Actin 
C)  Tropomyosin 
D)  Troponin 
E)  Titin

Question 10

A biologist is looking at human muscle fibers under the microscope.Which criterion should the biologist use to distinguish between cardiac and smooth muscle fibers?

Accepted Answer

A)  Number of cell nuclei 
B)  Presence or absence of a sarcoplasmic reticulum 
C)  Presence or absence of regular arrays of thick and thin filaments 
D)  Presence or absence of actin and myosin 
E)  Presence or absence of gap junctions 
A)  Number of cell nuclei 
B)  Presence or absence of a sarcoplasmic reticulum 
C)  Presence or absence of regular arrays of thick and thin filaments 
D)  Presence or absence of actin and myosin 
E)  Presence or absence of gap junctions

Question 11

An advantage of an endoskeleton over an exoskeleton is that an endoskeleton

Accepted Answer

A)  provides muscle attachment sites. 
B)  provides protection. 
C)  grows as the animal grows. 
D)  supports the animal's weight. 
E)  gives structure to the animal. 
A)  provides muscle attachment sites. 
B)  provides protection. 
C)  grows as the animal grows. 
D)  supports the animal's weight. 
E)  gives structure to the animal.

Question 12

The role of tendons is to join

Accepted Answer

A)  two bones. 
B)  two ligaments. 
C)  bone and ligament. 
D)  muscle and ligament. 
E)  muscle and bone. 
A)  two bones. 
B)  two ligaments. 
C)  bone and ligament. 
D)  muscle and ligament. 
E)  muscle and bone.

Question 13

Which statement about sarcomeres is true?

Accepted Answer

A)  Sarcomeres are present in cardiac and skeletal muscle,but absent in smooth muscle. 
B)  Sarcomeres are present in smooth and skeletal muscle,but absent in cardiac muscle. 
C)  Sarcomeres are present in smooth and cardiac muscle,but absent in skeletal muscle. 
D)  Sarcomeres are present in skeletal muscle but absent in smooth and cardiac muscle. 
E)  Sarcomeres are present in all types of muscle. 
A)  Sarcomeres are present in cardiac and skeletal muscle,but absent in smooth muscle. 
B)  Sarcomeres are present in smooth and skeletal muscle,but absent in cardiac muscle. 
C)  Sarcomeres are present in smooth and cardiac muscle,but absent in skeletal muscle. 
D)  Sarcomeres are present in skeletal muscle but absent in smooth and cardiac muscle. 
E)  Sarcomeres are present in all types of muscle.

Question 14

Which is a difference between fast-twitch fibers and slow-twitch fibers?

Accepted Answer

A)  Fast-twitch fibers are more common in the leg muscles of champion sprinters than of marathon runners,and the reverse is true for slow-twitch fibers. 
B)  Fast-twitch fibers have more mitochondria. 
C)  Fast-twitch fibers fatigue less rapidly. 
D)  The abundance of fast-twitch fibers is more a product of training than of genetics,and the reverse is true for slow-twitch fibers. 
E)  Fast-twitch fibers are more common in postural muscles than in finger muscles,and the reverse is true for slow-twitch fibers. 
A)  Fast-twitch fibers are more common in the leg muscles of champion sprinters than of marathon runners,and the reverse is true for slow-twitch fibers. 
B)  Fast-twitch fibers have more mitochondria. 
C)  Fast-twitch fibers fatigue less rapidly. 
D)  The abundance of fast-twitch fibers is more a product of training than of genetics,and the reverse is true for slow-twitch fibers. 
E)  Fast-twitch fibers are more common in postural muscles than in finger muscles,and the reverse is true for slow-twitch fibers.

Question 15

A characteristic of the glycolytic system for supplying ATP to muscle fibers is

Accepted Answer

A)  the inefficiency of glycolysis compared to aerobic respiration. 
B)  the long period of time that is required before it can start supplying ATP. 
C)  the rapid rate at which glycolytic enzymes produce ATP. 
D)  its ability to supply ATP for extended periods of time. 
E)  its ability to function in the absence of oxygen. 
A)  the inefficiency of glycolysis compared to aerobic respiration. 
B)  the long period of time that is required before it can start supplying ATP. 
C)  the rapid rate at which glycolytic enzymes produce ATP. 
D)  its ability to supply ATP for extended periods of time. 
E)  its ability to function in the absence of oxygen.

Question 16

Which event occurs immediately before the power stroke that moves actin and myosin filaments past one another?

Accepted Answer

A)  Calcium is released from the sarcoplasmic reticulum. 
B)  ATP binds to myosin. 
C)  Myosin heads bind to actin. 
D)  Calcium binds to troponin. 
E)  Myosin releases phosphate ion. 
A)  Calcium is released from the sarcoplasmic reticulum. 
B)  ATP binds to myosin. 
C)  Myosin heads bind to actin. 
D)  Calcium binds to troponin. 
E)  Myosin releases phosphate ion.

Question 17

How are endoskeletal systems similar to hydrostatic skeletal systems?

Accepted Answer

A)  Both skeletal systems allow for complex movements. 
B)  Organisms with these skeletal systems have optimal protection from predators. 
C)  Organisms with these skeletal systems do not have to undergo molting. 
D)  Both skeletal systems support very large-size organisms. 
E)  Both skeletal systems are represented widely in terrestrial animals. 
A)  Both skeletal systems allow for complex movements. 
B)  Organisms with these skeletal systems have optimal protection from predators. 
C)  Organisms with these skeletal systems do not have to undergo molting. 
D)  Both skeletal systems support very large-size organisms. 
E)  Both skeletal systems are represented widely in terrestrial animals.

Question 18

Which statement about slow-twitch and fast-twitch muscles is true?

Accepted Answer

A)  The first is smooth muscle and the second is skeletal muscle. 
B)  They express different genes coding for their myosin molecules. 
C)  Fast-twitch muscles occur only in mammals. 
D)  They typically have similar numbers of mitochondria per cell. 
E)  They both compensate for low ATPase activity by recycling their actin-myosin bridges. 
A)  The first is smooth muscle and the second is skeletal muscle. 
B)  They express different genes coding for their myosin molecules. 
C)  Fast-twitch muscles occur only in mammals. 
D)  They typically have similar numbers of mitochondria per cell. 
E)  They both compensate for low ATPase activity by recycling their actin-myosin bridges.

Question 19

If a defect occurs in a developing human fetus that stops the transmission of signals between cells in cardiac muscle,which structure is most likely involved?

Accepted Answer

A)  Myosin 
B)  Intercalated discs 
C)  Mitochondria 
D)  T tubules 
E)  Sarcoplasmic reticulum 
A)  Myosin 
B)  Intercalated discs 
C)  Mitochondria 
D)  T tubules 
E)  Sarcoplasmic reticulum

Question 20

What is the role of the sarcoplasmic reticulum in muscle contraction?

Accepted Answer

A)  It stores Ca2+ ions for release during contraction. 
B)  It surrounds and protects the muscle filaments. 
C)  It provides sites of ATP synthesis. 
D)  It depolarizes when stimulated by an impulse. 
E)  It synthesizes actin and myosin filaments. 
A)  It stores Ca2+ ions for release during contraction. 
B)  It surrounds and protects the muscle filaments. 
C)  It provides sites of ATP synthesis. 
D)  It depolarizes when stimulated by an impulse. 
E)  It synthesizes actin and myosin filaments.

Exam 33: Muscle and Movement

Which statement about the endoskeletons of vertebrates is false?

The glycolytic system by which muscles obtain ATP

Fast-twitch fibers

Refer to the diagram of a sarcomere below.Which statement based on the diagram is true?

Wild turkeys have breast muscles that are capable of explosively fast flight,but only for short distances.These muscles

Migrating birds often cross the Gulf of Mexico in a single flight,and their flight muscles demand extreme endurance.An examination of the muscles used to perform this activity would show that they

Which process occurs during shortening of a skeletal muscle?

Which statement about smooth muscle is true?

Calcium ions must bind to which protein to initiate muscle contraction?

A biologist is looking at human muscle fibers under the microscope.Which criterion should the biologist use to distinguish between cardiac and smooth muscle fibers?

An advantage of an endoskeleton over an exoskeleton is that an endoskeleton

The role of tendons is to join

Which statement about sarcomeres is true?

Which is a difference between fast-twitch fibers and slow-twitch fibers?

A characteristic of the glycolytic system for supplying ATP to muscle fibers is

Which event occurs immediately before the power stroke that moves actin and myosin filaments past one another?

How are endoskeletal systems similar to hydrostatic skeletal systems?

Which statement about slow-twitch and fast-twitch muscles is true?

If a defect occurs in a developing human fetus that stops the transmission of signals between cells in cardiac muscle,which structure is most likely involved?

What is the role of the sarcoplasmic reticulum in muscle contraction?

Introduction

The Chemistry and Energy of Life

Nucleic Acids, Proteins, and Enzymes

Cells: the Working Units of Life

Cell Membranes and Signaling

Pathways That Harvest and Store Chemical Energy

The Cell Cycle and Cell Division

Inheritance, Genes, and Chromosomes

DNA and Its Role in Heredity

From Dna to Protein: Gene Expression

Regulation of Gene Expression

Genomes

Biotechnology

Genes, Development, and Evolution

Processes of Evolution

Reconstructing and Using Phylogenies

Speciation

The History of Life on Earth

Bacteria, Archaea, and Viruses

The Origin and Diversification of Eukaryotes

The Evolution of Plants

The Evolution and Diversity of Fungi

Animal Origins and Diversity

The Plant Body

Plant Nutrition and Transport

Plant Growth and Development

Reproduction of Flowering Plants

Plants in the Environment

Fundamentals of Animal Function

Nutrition and Digestion

Breathing

Circulation

Neurons, Sense Organs, and Nervous Systems

Nervous and Endocrine Control

Water and Salts: Excretion

Animal Reproduction

Animal Development

Immunology: Animal Defense Systems

Animal Behavior

The Distribution of Earths Ecological Systems

Populations

Ecological and Evolutionary Consequences of Interactions Within and Among Species

Ecological Communities

The Global Ecosystem

Filters