Question 1

Ammonia and urea are waste products derived from the metabolic breakdown of

Accepted Answer

A)  carbohydrates. 
B)  proteins and nucleic acids. 
C)  sugars. 
D)  lipids. 
E)  salts. 
A)  carbohydrates. 
B)  proteins and nucleic acids. 
C)  sugars. 
D)  lipids. 
E)  salts.

Question 2

Organisms that are hyposmotic regulators

Accepted Answer

A)  maintain a constant osmotic concentration in their blood plasma,with an osmolarity lower than that of the environment. 
B)  maintain a constant osmotic concentration in their blood plasma,with an osmolarity higher than that of the environment. 
C)  maintain a constant osmotic concentration in their blood plasma,with an osmolarity equal to that of the environment. 
D)  vary the osmotic concentration in their blood plasma in response to external changes while keeping the osmolarity slightly lower than that of their environment. 
E)  vary the osmotic concentration in their blood plasma in response to external changes while keeping the osmolarity slightly higher than that of their environment. 
A)  maintain a constant osmotic concentration in their blood plasma,with an osmolarity lower than that of the environment. 
B)  maintain a constant osmotic concentration in their blood plasma,with an osmolarity higher than that of the environment. 
C)  maintain a constant osmotic concentration in their blood plasma,with an osmolarity equal to that of the environment. 
D)  vary the osmotic concentration in their blood plasma in response to external changes while keeping the osmolarity slightly lower than that of their environment. 
E)  vary the osmotic concentration in their blood plasma in response to external changes while keeping the osmolarity slightly higher than that of their environment.

Question 3

Which structure is found in the inner medulla of the mammalian kidney?

Accepted Answer

A)  Bowman's capsule 
B)  Proximal convoluted tubule 
C)  Glomerulus 
D)  Loop of Henle 
E)  Distal convoluted tubule 
A)  Bowman's capsule 
B)  Proximal convoluted tubule 
C)  Glomerulus 
D)  Loop of Henle 
E)  Distal convoluted tubule

Question 4

What evidence supports the hypothesis that marine bony fish evolved from freshwater ancestors?

Accepted Answer

A)  They are osmotic regulators and have physiologic mechanisms for maintaining blood plasma osmolarity. 
B)  They have kidneys that help regulate the osmolarity of their blood plasma. 
C)  Their gills are able to move water by osmosis out of their bodies. 
D)  Their gills are able to carry out active transport of salt from their bodies. 
E)  Their body fluids are much less concentrated than seawater. 
A)  They are osmotic regulators and have physiologic mechanisms for maintaining blood plasma osmolarity. 
B)  They have kidneys that help regulate the osmolarity of their blood plasma. 
C)  Their gills are able to move water by osmosis out of their bodies. 
D)  Their gills are able to carry out active transport of salt from their bodies. 
E)  Their body fluids are much less concentrated than seawater.

Question 5

Refer to the table below containing field research data collected about a species of desert woodrat.Activity levels of the rats were monitored at all times,and maximum daytime temperatures were recorded.Based on these data,which statement could the researchers propose as a hypothesis about water conservation in this species?

Accepted Answer

A)  Desert woodrats do not restrict their physical activity as a means for conserving water. 
B)  Desert woodrats restrict their physical activity as a means for conserving water only during the day. 
C)  Desert woodrats restrict their physical activity as a means for conserving water only during the night. 
D)  Desert woodrats restrict their physical activity during both day and night as a means for conserving water. 
E)  Desert woodrats restrict their physical activity during the day as a means for conserving water and restrict their activity at night only under the most severe conditions. 
A)  Desert woodrats do not restrict their physical activity as a means for conserving water. 
B)  Desert woodrats restrict their physical activity as a means for conserving water only during the day. 
C)  Desert woodrats restrict their physical activity as a means for conserving water only during the night. 
D)  Desert woodrats restrict their physical activity during both day and night as a means for conserving water. 
E)  Desert woodrats restrict their physical activity during the day as a means for conserving water and restrict their activity at night only under the most severe conditions.

Question 6

Which statement about the function of excretory systems is false?

Accepted Answer

A)  They help regulate the osmotic pressure of intercellular fluids. 
B)  They interface with blood to filter wastes from blood plasma. 
C)  They break down proteins,which produces toxic waste products. 
D)  They conserve molecules that are valuable or in short supply. 
E)  They help regulate the volume of intercellular fluids. 
A)  They help regulate the osmotic pressure of intercellular fluids. 
B)  They interface with blood to filter wastes from blood plasma. 
C)  They break down proteins,which produces toxic waste products. 
D)  They conserve molecules that are valuable or in short supply. 
E)  They help regulate the volume of intercellular fluids.

Question 7

Which molecule is most toxic to cells?

Accepted Answer

A)  Ammonia 
B)  Sodium chloride 
C)  Water 
D)  Urea 
E)  Uric acid 
A)  Ammonia 
B)  Sodium chloride 
C)  Water 
D)  Urea 
E)  Uric acid

Question 8

Which group of animals would be most suitable for a study of ammonia excretion?

Accepted Answer

A)  Reptiles 
B)  Fish 
C)  Mammals 
D)  Birds 
E)  Insects 
A)  Reptiles 
B)  Fish 
C)  Mammals 
D)  Birds 
E)  Insects

Question 9

Which process is not a main function of the kidneys?

Accepted Answer

A)  Excretion of ammonia in freshwater fish 
B)  Maintenance of water balance in mammals 
C)  Regulation of blood plasma in amphibians 
D)  Removal of excess water from extracellular fluid in crayfish 
E)  Conservation of water in desert tortoises 
A)  Excretion of ammonia in freshwater fish 
B)  Maintenance of water balance in mammals 
C)  Regulation of blood plasma in amphibians 
D)  Removal of excess water from extracellular fluid in crayfish 
E)  Conservation of water in desert tortoises

Question 10

Suppose that a petite woman has a total of 4 liters of blood in her body and it moves through her glomeruli at a rate of 120 mL per minute.How long does it take for her kidneys to process her entire volume of blood?

Accepted Answer

A)  About 20 minutes 
B)  About 35 minutes 
C)  About 1 hour 
D)  About 3 hours 
E)  About 6 hours 
A)  About 20 minutes 
B)  About 35 minutes 
C)  About 1 hour 
D)  About 3 hours 
E)  About 6 hours

Question 11

If two mammals are the same size but one has a greater ability to concentrate its urine,which feature is the likely source of this capacity?

Accepted Answer

A)  Higher glomerular filtration rate 
B)  Longer convoluted tubules 
C)  Increased number of nephrons 
D)  Longer collecting ducts 
E)  Longer loops of Henle 
A)  Higher glomerular filtration rate 
B)  Longer convoluted tubules 
C)  Increased number of nephrons 
D)  Longer collecting ducts 
E)  Longer loops of Henle

Question 12

The brine shrimp Artemia is a hyposmotic regulator that lives in an extremely high saline environment.Which statement would most likely be true of this organism?

Accepted Answer

A)  Artemia moves salt out of its body across its gill membranes by means of active transport. 
B)  Artemia moves water out of its body across its gill membranes by means of active transport. 
C)  Artemia takes in salts through its nasal salt glands. 
D)  Artemia maintains a blood plasma osmolarity equivalent with its surroundings. 
E)  Artemia allows diffusion of salt from the surroundings into its extracellular fluid. 
A)  Artemia moves salt out of its body across its gill membranes by means of active transport. 
B)  Artemia moves water out of its body across its gill membranes by means of active transport. 
C)  Artemia takes in salts through its nasal salt glands. 
D)  Artemia maintains a blood plasma osmolarity equivalent with its surroundings. 
E)  Artemia allows diffusion of salt from the surroundings into its extracellular fluid.

Question 13

What is the human body's response to ingestion of much more than the recommended daily limit of salt (e.g. ,an entire bag of potato chips)?

Accepted Answer

A)  The release of ADH from the posterior pituitary 
B)  A rise in blood osmolarity 
C)  An increased permeability of the collecting ducts in the kidney 
D)  Increased aquaporin expression 
E)  All of the above 
A)  The release of ADH from the posterior pituitary 
B)  A rise in blood osmolarity 
C)  An increased permeability of the collecting ducts in the kidney 
D)  Increased aquaporin expression 
E)  All of the above

Question 14

A high U/P ratio indicates that an animal

Accepted Answer

A)  is excreting a high volume of urine. 
B)  is excreting a low volume of urine. 
C)  is reabsorbing large amounts of water from its urine. 
D)  is reabsorbing large amounts of salt from its urine. 
E)  is likely an aquatic animal. 
A)  is excreting a high volume of urine. 
B)  is excreting a low volume of urine. 
C)  is reabsorbing large amounts of water from its urine. 
D)  is reabsorbing large amounts of salt from its urine. 
E)  is likely an aquatic animal.

Question 15

Which is not a water conservation adaptation of a reptile?

Accepted Answer

A)  Scaly skin 
B)  Excretion of salts 
C)  Excretion of uric acid 
D)  Shelled eggs 
E)  Long periods of inactivity in burrows 
A)  Scaly skin 
B)  Excretion of salts 
C)  Excretion of uric acid 
D)  Shelled eggs 
E)  Long periods of inactivity in burrows

Question 16

_______ urine is produced in the Bowman's capsules and glomeruli.

Accepted Answer

A)  Concentrated 
B)  Primary 
C)  Final 
D)  Definitive 
E)  Processed 
A)  Concentrated 
B)  Primary 
C)  Final 
D)  Definitive 
E)  Processed

Question 17

Anadromous bony fish,such as shad,leave the ocean and return to their natal freshwater streams to breed.When their environment changes from salt water to fresh water,these fish are likely to

Accepted Answer

A)  increase their drinking rate. 
B)  produce an increased volume of more dilute urine. 
C)  maintain the same direction of ion-pumping across their gills. 
D)  decrease the absorption of ions in their guts. 
E)  show a decreased movement of water from the environment into body tissues. 
A)  increase their drinking rate. 
B)  produce an increased volume of more dilute urine. 
C)  maintain the same direction of ion-pumping across their gills. 
D)  decrease the absorption of ions in their guts. 
E)  show a decreased movement of water from the environment into body tissues.

Question 18

The effect of antidiuretic hormone is to

Accepted Answer

A)  increase urine volume. 
B)  increase urine concentration. 
C)  reduce permeability in the loop of Henle. 
D)  reduce permeability of the collecting ducts. 
E)  reduce blood volume. 
A)  increase urine volume. 
B)  increase urine concentration. 
C)  reduce permeability in the loop of Henle. 
D)  reduce permeability of the collecting ducts. 
E)  reduce blood volume.

Question 19

A scientist wishing to study how animals produce urine that is more concentrated than their body fluids should choose a study species from which group?

Accepted Answer

A)  Alligators 
B)  Birds from a tropical rain forest 
C)  Salamanders inhabiting a freshwater wetland 
D)  Desert-dwelling mammals 
E)  Marine bony fishes 
A)  Alligators 
B)  Birds from a tropical rain forest 
C)  Salamanders inhabiting a freshwater wetland 
D)  Desert-dwelling mammals 
E)  Marine bony fishes

Question 20

Which factor would be most important in bringing about a change in mammalian urine concentration from dilute to concentrated in a short period of time?

Accepted Answer

A)  Length of loop of Henle 
B)  Blood pressure changes 
C)  Aquaporin expression 
D)  Active transport of sodium and chloride ions in nephrons 
E)  Osmosis of water 
A)  Length of loop of Henle 
B)  Blood pressure changes 
C)  Aquaporin expression 
D)  Active transport of sodium and chloride ions in nephrons 
E)  Osmosis of water

Exam 36: Water and Salts: Excretion

Ammonia and urea are waste products derived from the metabolic breakdown of

Organisms that are hyposmotic regulators

Which structure is found in the inner medulla of the mammalian kidney?

What evidence supports the hypothesis that marine bony fish evolved from freshwater ancestors?

Which statement about the function of excretory systems is false?

Which molecule is most toxic to cells?

Which group of animals would be most suitable for a study of ammonia excretion?

Which process is not a main function of the kidneys?

Suppose that a petite woman has a total of 4 liters of blood in her body and it moves through her glomeruli at a rate of 120 mL per minute.How long does it take for her kidneys to process her entire volume of blood?

If two mammals are the same size but one has a greater ability to concentrate its urine,which feature is the likely source of this capacity?

The brine shrimp Artemia is a hyposmotic regulator that lives in an extremely high saline environment.Which statement would most likely be true of this organism?

What is the human body's response to ingestion of much more than the recommended daily limit of salt (e.g. ,an entire bag of potato chips)?

A high U/P ratio indicates that an animal

Which is not a water conservation adaptation of a reptile?

_______ urine is produced in the Bowman's capsules and glomeruli.

Anadromous bony fish,such as shad,leave the ocean and return to their natal freshwater streams to breed.When their environment changes from salt water to fresh water,these fish are likely to

The effect of antidiuretic hormone is to

A scientist wishing to study how animals produce urine that is more concentrated than their body fluids should choose a study species from which group?

Which factor would be most important in bringing about a change in mammalian urine concentration from dilute to concentrated in a short period of time?

Introduction

The Chemistry and Energy of Life

Nucleic Acids, Proteins, and Enzymes

Cells: the Working Units of Life

Cell Membranes and Signaling

Pathways That Harvest and Store Chemical Energy

The Cell Cycle and Cell Division

Inheritance, Genes, and Chromosomes

DNA and Its Role in Heredity

From Dna to Protein: Gene Expression

Regulation of Gene Expression

Genomes

Biotechnology

Genes, Development, and Evolution

Processes of Evolution

Reconstructing and Using Phylogenies

Speciation

The History of Life on Earth

Bacteria, Archaea, and Viruses

The Origin and Diversification of Eukaryotes

The Evolution of Plants

The Evolution and Diversity of Fungi

Animal Origins and Diversity

The Plant Body

Plant Nutrition and Transport

Plant Growth and Development

Reproduction of Flowering Plants

Plants in the Environment

Fundamentals of Animal Function

Nutrition and Digestion

Breathing

Circulation

Muscle and Movement

Neurons, Sense Organs, and Nervous Systems

Nervous and Endocrine Control

Animal Reproduction

Animal Development

Immunology: Animal Defense Systems

Animal Behavior

The Distribution of Earths Ecological Systems

Populations

Ecological and Evolutionary Consequences of Interactions Within and Among Species

Ecological Communities

The Global Ecosystem

Filters