Question 1

Daly and Wilson (2001) speculated that framing evolved in the context of social _____, in which it would be seen as a sign of weakness to relinquish prior gains and may even invite future demands for concessions.

Accepted Answer

A)  adaptions 
B)  bargaining 
C)  conformity 
D)  hierarchies

Question 2

If social exchange has been important over our evolutionary history, then we should be sensitive to those who accept benefits without fulfilling their side of the exchange. This assumed cognitive mechanism is referred to as the

Accepted Answer

A)  bounded rationality heuristic 
B)  cheater detection module 
C)  hazard management system 
D)  social contract algorithm

Question 3

Chimpanzees live in communities of around 150 individuals following a _____ pattern in which smaller subgroups are constructed and disbanded.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Chimpanzees live in communities of around 150...

Question 4

The _____ cortex is an area in the front of the brain involved in encoding the emotional value of sensory information as well as emotional components of human actions; it has been shown to be activated when someone chooses to give money to a charity or views pictures of hungry children.

Accepted Answer

A)  anterior cingulate 
B)  dorsolateral prefrontal 
C)  orbitofrontal 
D)  ventromedial prefrontal

Question 5

The _____ error occurs when someone explains the behaviors of another as due to personality characteristics but explains his or her own identical behaviors as due to situational factors.

Accepted Answer

The answer of The _____ error occurs when someone explains...

Question 6

If cheaters could be immediately detected, cooperators would only deal with other cooperators, and cheaters would die out. But if cheaters were to die out, so would the ability to detect cheaters. Thus, cheater and cooperator aspects of individual behaviors have remained in a form of dynamic tension, which can be called forth depending on _____.

Accepted Answer

A)  environmental conditions 
B)  genetic predispositions 
C)  personal aspirations 
D)  societal norms

Question 7

In the Wason card selection task, you should test the rule if P then Q by turning over cards representing

Accepted Answer

A)  P and not-P 
B)  P and not-Q 
C)  Q and not-P 
D)  Q and not-Q

Question 8

When the Wason card selection task is framed as a social exchange problem, people selected the correct cards _____ times more often than when the problems were presented in a logic format.

Accepted Answer

A)  2 
B)  3 
C)  5 
D)  8

Question 9

Researchers have estimated that the average group size of humans during prehistoric times was no more than

Accepted Answer

A)  50 
B)  150 
C)  250 
D)  350

Question 10

Because humans have limited time, knowledge and resources when they need to make most decisions in daily life, they need to rely on the use of _____ in decision making.

Accepted Answer

A)  algorithms 
B)  heuristics 
C)  logic 
D)  norms

Question 11

Simon suggested that one could learn about human decision making by noting how the _____ in which decisions were made could allow for simplifications in adaptive decision making.

Accepted Answer

A)  emotional state 
B)  environment 
C)  social situation 
D)  time frame

Question 12

Which of the following is NOT one of the five basic principles all heuristics rely on?

Accepted Answer

A)  Examining fewer cues. 
B)  Integrating less information. 
C)  Reducing memory load. 
D)  Simplifying the alternatives.

Question 13

One distinction that has been made regarding the social emotions is that shame is associated with the desire to undo aspects of the self, whereas guilt involves the desire to undo aspects of

Accepted Answer

A)  affect. 
B)  behavior. 
C)  cognition. 
D)  sociality.

Question 14

What is social exchange? What is needed cognitively for social exchange? What areas of the brain seem to be involved?

Accepted Answer

The answer of What is social exchange? What is needed...

Question 15

Solve the following Wason card selection task. The rule is: "If there is a vowel on one side of the card, then there is an even number on the other side." There are four cards in front of you, showing: A, C, 4, 7. Which two cards do you need to turn over to test this rule?

Accepted Answer

A)  A and 4 
B)  A and 7 
C)  C and 4 
D)  C and 7

Question 16

The murder rate in Europe has _____ since the Middle Ages.

Accepted Answer

A)  dropped 
B)  gone through cycles 
C)  increased 
D)  stayed the same

Question 17

What is the traditional view of human behavior in economics? What does psychology have to say about human economic behavior? Why study economics from an evolutionary perspective?

Accepted Answer

The answer of What is the traditional view of human...

Question 18

A runaway trolley is speeding toward five workers on the tracks. The only way to stop the trolley is to push a large person off a bridge onto the tracks in front of it.

Accepted Answer

A)  Children say it is morally acceptable, but adults do not. 
B)  Most people say this is morally acceptable. 
C)  Most people say this is not morally acceptable. 
D)  People disagree whether this is morally acceptable or not.

Question 19

In fMRI studies on decision making, increased activation in the _____ was associated with being risk averse in the "gain" frame and risk seeking in the "loss" frame; these results suggest that at the basis of the framing effect is an emotional or value-related response to keeping gains and taking risks when losses are perceived.

Accepted Answer

The answer of In fMRI studies on decision making, increased...

Question 20

Describe the Wason card selection task. How is it used to study social exchange? What are the findings?

Accepted Answer

The answer of Describe the Wason card selection task. How...

Exam 12: Making Social Decisions