Question 1

Kahneman and Tversky (1979) showed that people make economic decisions differently depending on whether the outcomes are _____ as either gains or losses.

Accepted Answer

framed

Question 2

Because guilt and shame involve transgression against the conventions of the group, they have been called _____ emotions. Feelings of sympathy and guilt have been seen to motivate cooperative behavior and altruism.

Accepted Answer

moral

Question 3

Discuss the evolution and function of social and moral emotions.

Accepted Answer

-In addition to self-preserving emotions such as fear and disgust, social emotions evolved to regulate social life.
-Embarrassment likely evolved from appeasement displays, based on physiology; helps keep social bonds intact.
-Guilt involves desire to undo aspects of behavior; shame involves desire to undo aspects of self.
-Moral emotions motivate cooperative behavior and altruism.
-Moral judgments, perhaps derived from disgust, are experienced as universal, and judged immoral acts motivate desire for punishment (altruistic punishment); trolley problem often used to study moral judgments.

Question 4

Many of the classic social psychology experiments of the twentieth century demonstrated the manner in which humans would _____ to the group; in terms of cognitive and emotional effort, it is cheaper and better to do what other people say than to figure out the way to do something on your own.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Many of the classic social psychology experiments...

Question 5

It has been suggested by a number of researchers that the availability of _____ is one set of circumstances that reduces the incidence of killing.

Accepted Answer

A)   mates
B)   resources
C)   social support
D)   weapons

Question 6

If social exchange has been important throughout our evolutionary history, then we should be sensitive to those who accept benefits without fulfilling their side of the exchange; such an evolved cognitive mechanism is referred to as the _____.

Accepted Answer

The answer of If social exchange has been important throughout...

Question 7

Among the moral emotions, one distinction that has been made is that _____ is associated with the desire to undo aspects of the self, whereas guilt involves the desire to undo aspects of behavior.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Among the moral emotions, one distinction that...

Question 8

The _____ card selection task was originally developed to study how humans perform logical operations, but it has also been used to study social reasoning.

Accepted Answer

The answer of The _____ card selection task was originally...

Question 9

Which of the following is NOT one of the common themes of domain-specific problem-solving strategies?

Accepted Answer

A)   Consistency is no longer a hallmark of successful decision making.
B)   Most decisions humans make are performed with limited information.
C)   People make better decisions when they are not influenced by others.
D)   These decisions are based on evolutionarily earlier events, not the present.

Question 10

When the Wason card selection task is presented as a social problem, about _____% of participants respond correctly; when it is presented as a non-social problem, about _____% respond correctly.

Accepted Answer

A)   10, 90
B)   21, 75
C)   75, 21
D)   90, 10

Question 11

Male chimpanzees will attack unknown females and may even kill their infants unless the females

Accepted Answer

A)   give submission displays.
B)   offer them food.
C)   outnumber the males.
D)   show signs of estrus.

Question 12

Studies on framing effects show that people are _____ when the situation is framed in terms of a possible gain but _____ when the situation is framed in terms of a possible loss.

Accepted Answer

A)   emotional, rational
B)   happy, unhappy
C)   less cautious, more cautious
D)   risk averse, risk seeking

Question 13

Researchers found that preschool children made a distinction between moral and conventional transgressions, finding the moral events more serious, wrong, and deserving of punishment. These results suggest that

Accepted Answer

A)   conventional rules are learned later than moral rules.
B)   culture has a greater influence on morals than conventions.
C)   moral and conventional judgments rely on different cognitive systems.
D)   preschool children did not understand conventional transgressions.

Question 14

The evolutionary perspective gives greater insight into the question of _____ or why we may help someone even if it puts us at an apparent disadvantage.

Accepted Answer

A)   altruism
B)   attribution
C)   conformity
D)   cooperation

Question 15

_____ are methods that help humans perform mental tasks with minimum effort; they can provide an alternative to complex algorithms, and they can be computed so quickly they often operate outside of awareness.

Accepted Answer

The answer of _____ are methods that help humans perform...

Question 16

In comparing hunter-gathers to chimpanzees, Wilson and Wrangham (2003) suggest both share three tendencies. Which of the following is NOT one of them?

Accepted Answer

A)   Both are willing to fight to the death instead of surrendering.
B)   Both avoid intensive aggressive confrontation by retreating.
C)   Both show a tendency to respond aggressively to members of other groups.
D)   Both take advantage of imbalances of power when killing males of other groups.

Question 17

In one version of the trolley problem, most people say it is OK to kill one person if that meant five people would be saved. This type of scenario is generally classified as _____ because most people agree with the moral decision.

Accepted Answer

The answer of In one version of the trolley problem,...

Question 18

The evolutionary perspective allows us to think about emotions such as fear as satisfying a self-preservation and emotions such as embarrassment, guilt, or shame as serving a more _____ function.

Accepted Answer

The answer of The evolutionary perspective allows us to think...

Question 19

Domain-specific problem-solving strategies make decisions based on evolutionarily earlier events or _____ for particular happenings rather than ones seen in our present environment. For example, if you hear a noise late at night, you are likely to feel afraid even though it is probably nothing dangerous.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Domain-specific problem-solving strategies make decisions based on...

Question 20

When a graphic version of the Wason card selection task was presented to the Shiwiar, an isolated group inhabiting the Ecadorian Amazon, they performed _____ Harvard undergraduates in their ability to detect violations of social requirements, that is, to detect cheaters.

Accepted Answer

A)   not nearly as well as
B)   quite differently from
C)   similarly to
D)   twice as well as

Exam 12: Making Social Decisions