Question 1

In contrast to Bandura,B.F.Skinner advocates the principle of reciprocal determinism.He argues that not only does the environment determine behavior; behavior determines the environment.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 2

Alan has always done poorly in his math courses; he must take a statistics course next term to graduate.He is not confident he will do well in the statistics course and is very nervous about taking the course.In this example,Alan shows evidence of having

Accepted Answer

A)  high incongruence with respect to math. 
B)  low self-efficacy in math. 
C)  high self-efficacy in math. 
D)  a mathematical neurosis.

Question 3

The hindsight bias is also known as the ____ effect.

Accepted Answer

A)  "I knew it all along" 
B)  "No pain, no gain" 
C)  "Opposites attract" 
D)  "Everyone else is crazy"

Question 4

Which of the following is NOT a weakness associated with self-report inventories?

Accepted Answer

A)  inconsistent scoring 
B)  social desirability bias 
C)  response sets 
D)  deliberate deception

Question 5

According to the Featured Study,people from ___________ cultures seem to have greater self-insight than people from other cultures.

Accepted Answer

A)  individualistic 
B)  collectivisitic 
C)  Western 
D)  independent

Question 6

The American cultural conception of self results in children

Accepted Answer

A)  developing an independent view of the self and defining themselves in terms of the groups they belong to. 
B)  developing an independent view of the self and defining themselves in terms of personal attributes. 
C)  developing an interdependent view of the self and defining themselves in terms of the groups they belong to. 
D)  developing an interdependent view of the self and defining themselves in terms of personal attributes.

Question 7

Defense mechanisms combat feelings of anxiety and guilt

Accepted Answer

A)  through self-deception. 
B)  through rational problem solving. 
C)  by enhancing self-insight. 
D)  by making unconscious urges conscious.

Question 8

Which of the following criticisms can be leveled against BOTH the psychoanalytic approach and the humanistic approach to personality?

Accepted Answer

A)  poor testability 
B)  too deterministic 
C)  overemphasis on the influence of early childhood experiences 
D)  provide a fragmented view of personality

Question 9

Julio is extremely dependable and productive,and his friends think he is great at organizing events.Based on the five-factor model of personality,Julio would probably score

Accepted Answer

A)  high in agreeableness. 
B)  low in neuroticism. 
C)  high in conscientiousness. 
D)  high in openness.

Question 10

_____________ is a personality trait marked by an inflated sense of self worth and a tendency to exploit other people.

Accepted Answer

A)  Extraversion 
B)  Sadism 
C)  Narcissism 
D)  Mortality salience

Question 11

Assume that personality researchers have isolated a new trait they called "prajna." If these researchers report that fraternal twins reared together are more similar in this trait than identical twins reared apart,it would indicate that

Accepted Answer

A)  genetics has a larger influence than environment in the expression of prajna. 
B)  neither genetics nor environment influences the expression of prajna. 
C)  environment has a larger influence than genetics in the expression of prajna. 
D)  genetics and environment exert equivalent influences in the expression of prajna.

Question 12

Fourteen-year-old Jessica knows she has made some bad choices at times,and these choices have gotten her into serious trouble on a number of occasions.However,she is confident that her parents love her,in spite of her mistakes.Based on the theory developed by Carl Rogers,Jessica perceives her parents' affection as

Accepted Answer

A)  unconditional, and she is likely to develop incongruence in her self-concept. 
B)  conditional, and she is likely to develop congruence in her self-concept. 
C)  unconditional, and she is likely to develop congruence in her self-concept. 
D)  conditional, and she is likely to develop incongruence in her self-concept.

Question 13

Behavioral genetics,the evolutionary approach,and Eysenck's theory all approach the study of personality from the

Accepted Answer

A)  scientific perspective. 
B)  psychodynamic perspective. 
C)  biological perspective. 
D)  behavioral perspective.

Question 14

Observational learning and self-efficacy are associated with

Accepted Answer

A)  Roger's person-centered theory. 
B)  Bandura's social cognitive theory. 
C)  Jung's analytical theory. 
D)  Mischel's person-situation approach.

Question 15

While cleaning up after her party last night,Angela forgot to put the leftover crab dip in the refrigerator.When she discovered the now spoiled dip in the morning,Angela said she didn't mind having to throw it out because it wasn't that good anyway.MOST likely,Angela is using

Accepted Answer

A)  reaction formation. 
B)  repression. 
C)  rationalization. 
D)  regression.

Question 16

Briefly describe the research into behavioral genetics and personality and its conclusions and discuss the strengths and weaknesses of the biological approach to personality.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Briefly describe the research into behavioral genetics...

Question 17

Eysenck's theory of personality is based on all of the following except

Accepted Answer

A)  basic personality traits 
B)  differences in physiological functioning 
C)  differences in basic needs 
D)  differences in ease of conditioning

Question 18

Dr.Jack assumes that humans share an evolutionary heritage with other animals that includes instinctive drift drive for self preservation,but unlike animals humans have also evolved complex cognitive abilities that permit self-awareness.Dr.Jack's views are similar to the view of personality put forward by the

Accepted Answer

A)  evolutionary perspective. 
B)  behavioral perspective. 
C)  terror management theory. 
D)  humanistic theory.

Question 19

Modern personality research tends to focus on specific traits.Psychologists have moved away from attempting to develop "grand theories" of personality such as those of the psychodynamic and humanistic theorists.Why do you think this has occurred? Do you think the trend toward "mini-theories" that focus on specific personality traits is the best way to advance our understanding of personality?

Accepted Answer

The answer of Modern personality research tends to focus on...

Question 20

Which of the following statements regarding hindsight bias is LEAST accurate?

Accepted Answer

A)  The hindsight bias occurs in many different settings. 
B)  Hindsight bias appears to be pervasive in everyday analyses of personality. 
C)  Hindsight bias is generally restricted to thinking about issues related to personality. 
D)  The notion of hindsight bias has been raised in criticisms of psychoanalytic theory.

Exam 12: Personality