Question 1

The tendency to mold our interpretation of the past to fit how events actually turned out is called

Accepted Answer

A)  projection. 
B)  reaction formation. 
C)  the hindsight bias. 
D)  self-enhancement.

Question 2

John worries about his tendency toward abusing animals,so he joins the Association for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals.John's behavior can be viewed as an example of

Accepted Answer

A)  reaction formation. 
B)  projection. 
C)  regression. 
D)  rationalization.

Question 3

Which of the following is NOT a commonly accepted concept associated with psychodynamic personality theories?

Accepted Answer

A)  early childhood experiences can influence adult personality 
B)  a person's subjective view of the world is more important than objective reality 
C)  internal conflict often plays a key role in generating psychological distress 
D)  unconscious forces can influence behavior

Question 4

Freud's concept of the unconscious is MOST like Jung's

Accepted Answer

A)  preconscious. 
B)  personal unconscious. 
C)  collective unconscious. 
D)  archetypes.

Question 5

Which of the following is NOT one of the major contributions associated with the humanistic theory of personality?

Accepted Answer

A)  the importance of a person's subjective views 
B)  focusing attention on what constitutes a healthy personality 
C)  making the self-concept an important construct in psychology 
D)  acknowledging the role that internal conflict plays in generating psychological distress

Question 6

Assume that personality researchers have isolated a new trait they called "nescience." If these researchers report that identical twins reared together and identical twins reared apart show the same correspondence for this particular trait,it would indicate that

Accepted Answer

A)  genetics has a larger influence than environment in the expression of nescience. 
B)  environment has a larger influence than genetics in the expression of nescience. 
C)  neither genetics nor environment influences the expression of nescience. 
D)  genetics and environment exert equivalent influences in the expression of nescience.

Question 7

According to the five-factor model of personality,people who score high in ____ are characterized as anxious,hostile,self-conscious,insecure and vulnerable.

Accepted Answer

A)  neuroticism 
B)  extraversion 
C)  conscientiousness 
D)  openness to experience

Question 8

Discuss how hindsight bias affects everyday analyses of personality,as well as some theoretical analyses of personality.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Discuss how hindsight bias affects everyday analyses...

Question 9

According to Alfred Adler,overcompensation may be found in those who

Accepted Answer

A)  have a superiority complex. 
B)  have an inferiority complex. 
C)  are fixated at one of the psychosexual stages. 
D)  have not been successful in the use of defense mechanisms.

Question 10

According to Freud,the ____ is "like a man on horseback who has to hold in check the superior strength of the horse."

Accepted Answer

A)  ego 
B)  id 
C)  superego 
D)  alter ego

Question 11

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of a self-actualizing person?

Accepted Answer

A)  being realistic 
B)  being open and spontaneous 
C)  enjoying peak experiences 
D)  having a strong need to affiliate with many people

Question 12

Abraham Maslow called the need to fulfill one's potential the need for

Accepted Answer

A)  affiliation. 
B)  achievement. 
C)  self-actualization. 
D)  power.

Question 13

Jordon has taken a job that is extremely dangerous,but which pays him enough so that he is sure he will have enough to eat and he will be able to sleep in a warm place each night.According to Maslow's hierarchy of needs,Jordon is probably primarily motivated by

Accepted Answer

A)  safety and security needs. 
B)  cognitive needs. 
C)  the need for self-actualization. 
D)  physiological needs.

Question 14

According to Jung,one's personal unconscious contains

Accepted Answer

A)  archetypes. 
B)  repressed or forgotten information. 
C)  ancestral memories. 
D)  the id and the superego.

Question 15

Freud ascribed great importance to sexual and aggressive impulses,mainly because they

Accepted Answer

A)  tend to be routinely frustrated. 
B)  are essential to the survival of the species. 
C)  dominate our dreams. 
D)  tend to be reinforced by others.

Question 16

According to Jung,the ____ is a storehouse of latent memory traces inherited from people's ancestral past.

Accepted Answer

A)  unconscious 
B)  collective unconscious 
C)  universal unconscious 
D)  personal unconscious

Question 17

When anthropologists compare ancient artifacts from South America,Europe,and Australia they often find similarities among the images that are depicted.Based on Jung's analytical psychology,some of these apparent similarities may stem from

Accepted Answer

A)  the preconscious. 
B)  reciprocal determinism. 
C)  manifest consciousness. 
D)  the collective unconscious.

Question 18

Psychodynamic theories have been criticized for their lack of empirical evidence and poor testability.Are there some of Freud's,Jung's,and Adler's ideas that would be easier to test than others? How might you go about designing research studies to test some of these ideas?

Accepted Answer

The answer of Psychodynamic theories have been criticized for their...

Question 19

Which of the following approaches to personality is MOST likely to be criticized for denying the existence of free will and the importance of cognitive processes?

Accepted Answer

A)  psychoanalytic approach 
B)  behavioral approach 
C)  cognitive approach 
D)  humanistic approach

Question 20

Briefly describe the revisions of Freud's theory proposed by Jung and Adler.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Briefly describe the revisions of Freud's theory...

Exam 12: Personality