Question 1

A commonsense approach to psychology

Accepted Answer

A)  is the most reliable. 
B)  is often contradicted by empirical evidence. 
C)  is the basis for most psychological theories. 
D)  provides information that is specific and consistent.

Question 2

Scientific observation is based on the

Accepted Answer

A)  gathering of introspective data. 
B)  utilization of personal, subjective data. 
C)  utilization of common-sense theories and everyday personal experiences. 
D)  gathering of empirical evidence.

Question 3

The implications of the study and proposals for future research would be found in which section of a research report?

Accepted Answer

A)  results 
B)  introduction 
C)  method 
D)  discussion

Question 4

William James founded the school of thought known as

Accepted Answer

A)  structuralism. 
B)  functionalism. 
C)  behaviorism. 
D)  humanism.

Question 5

You frequently visit a particular website because it offers free streaming videos.Your psychology professor explains that you are not only rewarded by the pleasure of watching
Interesting videos each time you go to the site,but you also expect to find free videos at the
Site.This explanation best fits which psychological viewpoint?

Accepted Answer

A)  humanistic psychology 
B)  Gestalt psychology 
C)  cognitive behaviorism 
D)  psychoanalysis

Question 6

In Lawrence Kohlberg's research regarding how we develop moral values,his participants were primarily male.Later studies on the moral development of women were conducted by Carol Gilligan.Which of the following statements regarding these two studies is TRUE?

Accepted Answer

A)  Both studies obtained the same results regarding women's moral development. 
B)  Carol Gilligan found that women's moral development was based on justice, while Kohlberg found that women's moral development was based on caring. 
C)  Lawrence Kohlberg found that women showed a greater moral maturity than did the men in his study. 
D)  Kohlberg's study was an example of gender bias in research because fewer women were involved in the study than men.

Question 7

Which of the following is the best example of covert behavior?

Accepted Answer

A)  blinking in response to a light 
B)  imitating a friend's gesture 
C)  remembering a pleasant experience 
D)  rapid eye movements while sleeping

Question 8

Critical thinking does NOT involve which of the following questions?

Accepted Answer

A)  How good is the evidence? 
B)  What was the nature and quality of the tests? 
C)  Has any other independent researcher duplicated the findings? 
D)  How are the findings related to commonsense beliefs?

Question 9

Two research studies are conducted on the effects of body piercing on self-esteem.One study found that body piercing increased self-esteem,while the other one found a decrease in self-esteem.If you are a critical thinker,you would

Accepted Answer

A)  reject both studies since conflicting results were obtained. 
B)  compare the credentials of the psychologists that conducted the studies. 
C)  compare how each study was conducted. 
D)  accept the one that best fits within your frame of reference.

Question 10

According to humanists,the mental perspective that you use to interpret events is referred to as one's

Accepted Answer

A)  ego ideal. 
B)  perceptual constancy. 
C)  frame of reference. 
D)  ideal self.

Question 11

The father of psychology and founder of the first psychological laboratory was

Accepted Answer

A)  Wilhelm Wundt. 
B)  Sigmund Freud. 
C)  John B.Watson. 
D)  B.F.Skinner.

Question 12

Alfred Adler,Karen Horney,Carl Jung,Otto Rank,and Erik Erikson would be considered

Accepted Answer

A)  Gestalt psychologists. 
B)  neo-Freudians. 
C)  cognitive behaviorists. 
D)  functionalists.

Question 13

Although functionalism and Gestalt psychology have blended into newer,broader perspectives, which school of thought in psychology has disappeared entirely?

Accepted Answer

A)  structuralism 
B)  behaviorism 
C)  humanistic psychology 
D)  psychodynamic psychology

Question 14

You are planning to recruit volunteers from among the students at a local university.If you accept both male and female volunteers,you should be aware that

Accepted Answer

A)  unequal numbers of men and women may volunteer for some kinds of research. 
B)  combining the results from men and women may hide important male-female differences. 
C)  having unequal numbers of volunteers as well as combining the results from men and women may adversely affect your results. 
D)  neither having unequal numbers of volunteers nor combining the results from men and women will have any significant effects on your results.

Question 15

Which of the following presents an ethical problem in behavioral research?

Accepted Answer

A)  deception 
B)  self-fulfilling prophecies 
C)  the placebo effect 
D)  the correlation/causation problem

Question 16

Which of the following is a form of critical thinking based on a careful collection of evidence,accurate descriptions and measurements,precise definitions,controlled observations,and repeatable results?

Accepted Answer

A)  intuitive analysis 
B)  the introspective method 
C)  the scientific method 
D)  theoretical projection

Question 17

An environmental psychologist helps redesign a college dorm to reduce feelings of crowding.The psychologist's work reflects which of psychology's goals?

Accepted Answer

A)  description 
B)  control 
C)  prediction 
D)  understanding

Question 18

Which of the following notable events in psychology occurrred LAST?

Accepted Answer

A)  The American Psychological Association was founded. 
B)  Sigmund Freud published The Interpretation of Dreams. 
C)  Carl Rogers published Counseling and Psychotherapy. 
D)  The first American psychology lab was founded at Johns Hopkins.

Question 19

Which of the following is NOT one of the basic ethical guidelines for psychological researchers?

Accepted Answer

A)  Use deception only when absolutely necessary. 
B)  Maintain confidentiality. 
C)  Provide results and interpretations to participants. 
D)  Minimize the placebo effect.

Question 20

Regarding diversity in psychological research,which of the following statements is FALSE?

Accepted Answer

A)  The vast majority of human participants in psychology experiments are recruited from introductory psychology courses. 
B)  Most of the participants in psychological research have been Caucasian members of the middle class with most of the researchers themselves being Caucasian males. 
C)  If a study has a disproportionate number of Caucasian participants in comparison to other ethnic groups, the results of the study should be considered completely invalidated. 
D)  Over the years, there has been a strongly ingrained tendency to assume that what Western researchers discover studying Western research participants is the norm in human behavior.

Exam 1: A: Introduction to Psychology and Research Methods