Question 1

Difference thresholds are subject to substantial cultural influences.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 2

Distinguish between data-based and knowledge-based processing. Provide an original example of knowledge-based processing in perception. Your example may be based directly on your own experience, or it may be simply hypothetical but plausible.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Distinguish between data-based and knowledge-based processing. Provide...

Question 3

The face-vase stimulus illustrates the Gestalt psychologists' emphasis on:

Accepted Answer

A) figure-ground. 
B) linear perspective. 
C) visual illusions. 
D) visual similarity.

Question 4

How many basic types of taste are there?

Accepted Answer

A) 3 
B) 4 
C) 5 
D) 6

Question 5

Roast beef with a rich brown gravy is often described as a "savory" dish. The basic taste prominent in such a dish is:

Accepted Answer

A) umami. 
B) bitter. 
C) sour. 
D) salty.

Question 6

Rather than increase food prices, manufacturers sometimes decrease the amount of food in a package, often imperceptibly. Suppose Acme Foods wants to raise the price of peanut butter but still sell each jar for $3.19. The current jar contains 16 oz. of peanut butter. Assume the Weber ratio for felt weight is .05. Which of the following is the smallest-size jar that will still feel the same as the 16 oz. jar to most people?

Accepted Answer

A) 14.80 oz. 
B) 15.20 oz 
C) 15.50 oz. 
D) 15.95 oz.

Question 7

The biopsychosocial approach to understanding pain recognizes that:

Accepted Answer

A) there is a direct path from pain receptors to specific brain sites. 
B) pain gates are usually shut from the top down. 
C) individual and cultural factors substantially influence pain perception. 
D) pain is an overwhelmingly biological phenomenon.

Question 8

Rob cannot tell the difference between red and green; about 4% of men share his color deficiency.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 9

Within the eye itself, the _____ is the final destination for light waves.

Accepted Answer

A) pupil 
B) lens 
C) cornea 
D) retina

Question 10

Which alternative BEST expresses the influence of subliminal stimuli?

Accepted Answer

A) Subliminal stimuli have no effect on emotion or behavior. 
B) Subliminal stimuli have a short-lived effect on emotion. 
C) Subliminal stimuli have a lasting effect on behavior. 
D) Subliminal stimuli have lasting effects on emotion and behavior.

Question 11

In a study cited in the text (Mennella et al., 2001), infants exposed prenatally to the flavor of carrots showed fewer disapproving facial expressions when fed carrot-flavored cereal than did unexposed infants. In this study, the number of disapproving expressions is a(n) _____ definition of liking for carrots.

Accepted Answer

A) operational 
B) empirical 
C) procedural 
D) statistical

Question 12

Nellie turns her head to look directly at an unusual butterfly her friend spotted in the garden. In doing so, Nellie ensures that the insect's image falls on her fovea.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 13

By Weber's law, difference thresholds reflect ratios or proportions.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 14

Collectively, _____ are called the _____ senses.

Accepted Answer

A) audition and gustation; chemical 
B) audition and olfaction; mechanical 
C) gustation and olfaction; chemical 
D) gustation and audition; mechanical

Question 15

Which of the following is a shortcoming of trichromatic theory?

Accepted Answer

A) It doesn't explain how colors other that red, blue, or green are perceived. 
B) It doesn't offer an adequate explanation of the perception of afterimages. 
C) It doesn't offer an explanation of color deficiency. 
D) It doesn't explain how color is processed in the retina.

Question 16

Suppose someone stares at an illustration of the American flag for a while and then glances at a blank white page. Why do the red stripes look green when the person glances at the blank page?

Accepted Answer

A) Cones responsive to green light begin firing. 
B) Cones responsive to red light stop firing. 
C) Opponent-process cells activated by red light become fatigued. 
D) Opponent-process cells activated by green light begin adapting.

Question 17

Brenda is standing on the beach; the sea is choppy. She observes that the crests of distant waves appear not only smaller, but also closer together than do the crests of waves nearer the beach. This example illustrates a depth cue known as:

Accepted Answer

A) texture gradient. 
B) interposition. 
C) linear perspective. 
D) retinal disparity.

Question 18

According to the textbook, phantom limb pain might reflect:

Accepted Answer

A) endorphin blockages. 
B) the destruction of fast nerve fibers. 
C) an excess of substance P. 
D) brain reorganization.

Question 19

Two neurotransmitters that increase the firing of pain fibers are ______ and ______.

Accepted Answer

A) dopamine; glutamate 
B) substance P; endorphins 
C) glutamate; endorphins 
D) substance P; glutamate

Question 20

Why, really, do we adapt after prolonged exposure to a constant stimulus?

Accepted Answer

A) so that we continue to respond to ongoing stimulation 
B) so that we don't become distracted by irrelevant changes in the environment 
C) so that we detect potentially important changes in what's going on 
D) so that we don't become overstimulated by the environment

Exam 3: Biology and Behavior

Difference thresholds are subject to substantial cultural influences.

Distinguish between data-based and knowledge-based processing. Provide an original example of knowledge-based processing in perception. Your example may be based directly on your own experience, or it may be simply hypothetical but plausible.

The face-vase stimulus illustrates the Gestalt psychologists' emphasis on:

How many basic types of taste are there?

Roast beef with a rich brown gravy is often described as a "savory" dish. The basic taste prominent in such a dish is:

The biopsychosocial approach to understanding pain recognizes that:

Rob cannot tell the difference between red and green; about 4% of men share his color deficiency.

Within the eye itself, the _____ is the final destination for light waves.

Which alternative BEST expresses the influence of subliminal stimuli?

Nellie turns her head to look directly at an unusual butterfly her friend spotted in the garden. In doing so, Nellie ensures that the insect's image falls on her fovea.

By Weber's law, difference thresholds reflect ratios or proportions.

Collectively, _ are called the _ senses.

Which of the following is a shortcoming of trichromatic theory?

Suppose someone stares at an illustration of the American flag for a while and then glances at a blank white page. Why do the red stripes look green when the person glances at the blank page?

Brenda is standing on the beach; the sea is choppy. She observes that the crests of distant waves appear not only smaller, but also closer together than do the crests of waves nearer the beach. This example illustrates a depth cue known as:

According to the textbook, phantom limb pain might reflect:

Two neurotransmitters that increase the firing of pain fibers are and .

Why, really, do we adapt after prolonged exposure to a constant stimulus?