Question 1

What is the relationship between tolerance and withdrawal? How is the concept of homeostasis involved?

Accepted Answer

The answer of What is the relationship between tolerance and...

Question 2

Current research on the interaction between sleep and learning has found changes in __________ sleep following a learning task.

Accepted Answer

A) deep 
B) REM 
C) NREM (non-REM) 
D) slow-wave

Question 3

Zach lives alone and works at a very stressful job. When he gets home every night he pours himself a shot of liquor to relax. After a couple of months, Zach realizes that he is going through bottles of liquor at faster and faster rates. Zach doesn't feel like he is drinking more than he used to, it's just that one shot of alcohol doesn't relax him anymore. Zach has developed _____________ liquor.

Accepted Answer

A) alcohol compensation for 
B) lack of taste detection for 
C) withdrawal from 
D) tolerance for

Question 4

When flying, jet lag problems are more compatible with our free-running circadian cycle and we have less difficulty flying to the _______ because this ___________ the day.

Accepted Answer

A) east; lengthens 
B) east; shortens 
C) west; lengthens 
D) west; shortens

Question 5

In their study of the impact of alcohol on decision making, MacDonald, Zanna, and Fong (1995) theorized that intoxicated students are more likely to ignore negative factors of drunk driving when they are presented with a(n) ______________ cue.

Accepted Answer

A) non-facilitating 
B) inhibitive 
C) facilitating 
D) unfavourable

Question 6

According to your text, one of the best treatments for SAD is

Accepted Answer

A) phototherapy 
B) injections of melatonin 
C) having very weak indoor lighting 
D) to adjust your circadian cycle one to two hours a day 
E) moving in a clockwise direction

Question 7

The greatest danger of hallucinogens is that

Accepted Answer

A) the mental effects of these drugs are unpredictable 
B) people can become dependent on them even though there is no tolerance or withdrawal symptoms 
C) people expect to get a "high" from them, but these drugs are actually depressants 
D) there is usually an inevitable "crash" that occurs when a person stops using these drugs

Question 8

Characteristics of consciousness include that it is

Accepted Answer

A) subjective and public 
B) static and private 
C) self-reflective and dynamic 
D) objective and central to our sense of self

Question 9

The most common means of measuring consciousness is through the use of behavioural measures like performance on tasks like the rouge test.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 10

It is known that the basal forebrain is involved in the regulation of falling asleep, while the part of the brain that is responsible for signalling other brain areas involved in "turning on" REM sleep is called the ________.

Accepted Answer

A) reticular formation 
B) brain stem 
C) hippocampus 
D) hypothalamus

Question 11

For the past few years, Jane has been becoming depressed during the winters. It usually starts around October and continues until February or March, when her mood usually starts to improve. Jane is most likely suffering from

Accepted Answer

A) seasonal dissociative disorder 
B) seasonal affective disorder 
C) dissociative identity disorder 
D) seasonal circadian disorder

Question 12

What of these substances is not considered a stimulant?

Accepted Answer

A) cocaine 
B) amphetamines 
C) MDMA (i.e.ecstasy) 
D) codeine 
E) crack

Question 13

A psychologist attempts to explain the perceived involuntary quality of hypnosis by arguing that during hypnosis, awareness is divided. Furthermore, during hypnosis, the main stream of consciousness is separated from the hidden aspect of consciousness that is aware of everything that happens or goes on. This interpretation is most consistent with

Accepted Answer

A) the dissociation theory 
B) the role theory 
C) Freudian theory 
D) the social-cognitive theory

Question 14

Which of the following statements regarding the pain-reducing effects of hypnosis is most accurate?

Accepted Answer

A) Research has proven that hypnosis reduces pain by triggering the release of endorphins. 
B) Research has proven that hypnosis reduces pain by decreasing people's fear and anxiety. 
C) Research has proven that hypnosis reduces pain by producing muscular relaxation. 
D) Although there are many theories, psychologists don't yet specifically know how hypnosis achieves its pain-reducing effects.

Question 15

According to the evolutionary/circadian models of sleep, the main purpose of sleep is to

Accepted Answer

A) restore mental and physical functions 
B) conserve energy 
C) ensure the survival of a species 
D) provide the opportunity for essential REM sleep

Question 16

As you progress through a nightly sleep cycle, your brain-wave pattern changes from ______ at the very beginning of sleep to ______ at the end of the first cycle.

Accepted Answer

A) delta; alpha 
B) fast, low amplitude waves; slow, high amplitude waves 
C) sleep spindles; theta waves 
D) REM sleep; beta waves 
E) alpha; beta

Question 17

You are attending a demonstration in which a hypnotist tries to hypnotize volunteers from the audience. After using a hypnotic induction, 9 out of 10 volunteers appear to be in some kind of altered state. He tells them the hypnosis will allow them to place their hands in freezing cold water without the pain and discomfort that would typically produce. What differences related to what happens to the volunteers when they do this could be predicted (on the basis of prior research discussed in your textbook), as compared to if they tried doing the same thing in a non-hypnotized state?

Accepted Answer

A) changes in self-reported pain only. 
B) changes in self-reported pain and changes in neural activity. 
C) changes in neural activity only. 
D) no differences would be expected because hypnosis cannot affect the perception of pain. 
E) the perception of pain should actually increase, due to cognitive dissonance.

Question 18

An individual is taking part in a sleep study. At some point in the night, she experiences a severe nightmare. What stage of sleep was she likely in when this started?

Accepted Answer

A) Stage 1 
B) Paradoxical sleep 
C) Stage 4 
D) Deep sleep 
E) Stage 2

Question 19

Near bed time, the feeling of sleepiness is promoted by?

Accepted Answer

A) Cerebellum 
B) Thalamus 
C) Pineal gland 
D) Occipital lobe

Question 20

Irritability, forgetfulness, nausea, and disorientation are all possible effects of _______________.

Accepted Answer

A) REM sleep paralysis 
B) sleep deprivation 
C) memory consolidation 
D) slow-wave sleep

Exam 6: States of Consciousness